HAND-BOOK 
AMERICAN 
SCHOOL OF 
CORRESPONDENCE 




Chartered by the 

Commonwealth of flassachusetts 



MAIN OFFICES AT 
156 TREMONT STREET 
BOSTON MASS. U.S. A. 



I 



TABLE OF CONTENTS, 



certificate of Membership 
Officers and Instructors 
Advisory Board 
Introduction 
Self Education 
Night School Plan 
Correspondence Plan 
American School of Correspondence 
Charter 

Location. Advantages of 
Instructors 
Instruction Papers 
Method of Teaching 
Examination Papers 
System of Marking 
Diploma 

Special Examinations 
Special Inquiry Department 
Certificate 
Scholarship 
Cost of Scholarship 
General Suggestions 
Courses of Study 
General Studies 
Mechanical Drawing Course 
Stationary Engineering Course 
Marine Engineering Course . 
Locomotive Engineering Course 
Electrical Engineering Course 
Mechanical Engineering Course 
Pages from Instruction Papers 



9 

10 
lO 

II 

12 
13 
13 
14 
15 
15 
16 
16 
17 
17 
18 
20 

22-25 
26 

27-34 

35-44 
45-54 
55-59 
60-67 



n', 



REFERENCES. 

riding of its instructors the School refers to 
Lawrence Scientific School, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. 
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Mass. 

/^ or financial responsibility : 

Freemans National Bank, Boston, Mass. 
Commercial Agencies (Special Report). 



American^ 




School of Correspondence 




Chartered by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts 



A Technical School for Mechanics 

GIVING EXCLUSIVE ATTENTION TO 

Steam and Electrical Engineering ^ ^t 

AND THE ' ^ 

Construction and Operation of flachinery 




Boston, Mass. ^^ -^ '-'^'vgw ^ 

1898 , '^''''■^''' '^\ 

i( APR 181898 ^^ 



TWO COPIES RECEIVED. 






7613 



Copyrighted 1898 

BY 

American School of Correspondence 




" We all of tis complain of the 
shortness of ti7ne and yet have 
imtch more than we know what 
to do with, Otcr lives are spent in 
doing nothing at all, or in doing 
710 thing that we ottght to do; 
we are always complaining o^tr 
days are few, and acting as thongh 
there wottld be 7io end of them ^ 

—SENECA. 



E 

s 

o 




OFFICERS AND INSTRUCTORS. 



R. T. MILLER, Jr., A. M., L. L. B., (President.) 

Oberli)i College. Harvard University. 

GEORGE L. FOWLER, A. B., M. E., (Secretary,) 
Member American Socicly Mechanical Engineers, etc., etc. 

FRANCIS C. BISSELL, (Corresponding Secretary.) 

FRANCIS A. RICHARDSON, A. M., S. B., 

Harvard University. Laicrcncc Scientific School. 

GUY S. CALLENDER, A. M., Ph. D., 

Harvard University. 

CARL S. DOW, S. B., 

Harvard University. Lawrence Scientific School. 

HENRY K. SEARS, S. B., 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 

MAURICE Le BOSQUET, S. B., 

Member British Society Chemical Industry. 

Member American Society Chemical Industry. 

ARTHUR S. De WOLF, S. B., 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 

ALFRED E. ZAPF, S. B., 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 

WILLIAM E. CLARK, S. B., 

Harvard University. laiorence Scientific School. 

LAWRENCE K. SAGER, S. B., 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 



ADVISORY BOARD. 

ROBERT GRIMSHAW, M. E., Ph. D., 

Author ^'- Steam Engine Catechism,^'' etc., etc. 

CHARLES THOM, 

Chief of QuadrupLx Def t \V. U. Tel. Co. 

FRANCIS H. BOYER, M. E., Constructing Engineer, 
Member American Society Mechanical Engineers.^ etc. 

Note. The above list contains only the names of the principal instructors and does not 
include the names of any of the assistants in the various departments. 



INTRODUCTION, 

"Going to ** Going to school by mail '" is not a new or un- 

School by tried method for the ambitious man to gain the in- 

Mail." , o 

formation he needs to fit himself for a higher and 
better-paid position. In years gone by the average 
man controlling even the largest mechanical in- 
dustries in the country, was one who had gone to 
work as an apprentice, and had gradually risen 
through the various stages to a high position having, 
however, little idea as to the theory of his work. 
But to-day processes have become more compli- 
cated and machinery more intricate ; new inven- 
tions, the use of electricity, compressed air, and 
other forces, have crowded on each other with such 
bewildering rapidity that it has been found that an 
education based upon some broader foundation 
than personal experience is necessary, and every- 
where the capable graduate from the better techni- 
cal schools has forged to the front and displaced 
men who, though first-class practical mechanics, 
lacked the mental training required to grasp the 
changes and handle understandingly the newer 
methods. 
Necessity of Those who understand '• reasons why " are in- 

Theory as well telligent workmen, and therefore, are valuable. 

as Practice. ^^ . . , , -n i 

Engmeers in charge want men who will work un- 
derstandingly, who know zvhy certain things must 
be done. If an engineer knows that a man under- 
stands "why" then he feels confident that the 
work will be done and done properly. Work is 
almost sure to be neglected by an ignorant work- 
man. For this reason the ignorant man must take 
a place at the bottom, and remain there ; he has 
not the qualifications the otlier has, consequently 
he receives less. The other and better educated 



AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 7 

man can do the same work and can also perform 
other work; naturally he is the more valuable. 
The more a man knows, the more he will receive. 
The demand to-day is for skilled labor ; of un- 
skilled labor the supply exceeds the demand, and, 
consequently, the unskilled man receives less and 
works harder. With him it is a struggle to keep 
even the place he has. A man, though he may 
not be to blame for his ignorance, must suffer for 
it nevertheless. He may be to blame, however, if 
he remains ignorant. 
Better Train- The tendency to-day is toward concentration, 
ing ecessary. ^^^ ^^^ enlargement of all mechanical establish- 
ments. In no place is this more evident than in 
the steam plants in the large manufacturing centers. 
The small engine of a few years ago, is displaced 
by the electric motor, and a number of these are 
driven by a single large engine in charge of a 
competent engineer, who must combine a thorough 
practical training in the actual manipulation of a 
steam plant with a theoretical knowledge of its 
action. Thus, many men whose knowledge of 
steam engineering was limited to a skill in firing 
so as to maintain steam, holding the water level 
at a certain height in the boiler, and starting and 
stopping the engine, have been displaced by the 
single skilled engineer competent to analyze the 
working of his plant and keep it in running order, 
while his predecessor has dropped to the position 
of a mere shoveler of coal under the direction of 
his superior. 
Why Many It is no exaggeration to say that every man would 

Education ^^^^^P^^-^^^ ^^^ more responsible position if the choice 
were offered him ; especially as with this responsi- 
bility usually goes a better salary. The difficulty 
is that circumstances may have been such that the 
subordinate has not had an opportunity to qualify 
himself for the better position : he may have been 
obliged to commence work at an early age before 



AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 



Self Educa- 
tion. 



Night School 
Plan. 



his education had been completed, or he may have 
failed to appreciate in his younger days that an 
education is a necessity for his own advancement, 
and when the realization of this fact does come it 
is too late to go to school and he is handicapped in 
the whole work of life unless a remedy can be 
found. 

The ordinar}^ course in a technical school being 
out of the question, he can fall back upon a course 
of self-education, or he may go to a night school. 
In the case of the former his very lack of early 
training handicaps him for he will not know how 
to proceed, and the results of blindly groping in 
the dark to find a way to knowledge will be so 
disheartening that he will probably abandon the 
endeavor in view of the hopelessness of success. 

The night school plan is better, but the really 
good night schools are found only in the larger 
cities ; again, attending a night school involves a 
large amount of physical effort after the labors of 
the day and in all sorts of weather, besides the 
waste of time in going to and fro, which could be 
more profitably employed. In addition to this 
there is the drawback of being compelled to work 
in unison with students of greater or less ability 
than himself, and thus being compelled to advance 
at the average rate whether individual capabilities 
are exactly adjusted or not. Again the work is 
usually laid out and conducted in a manner that is 
not conducive to the most rapid advancement. 

As a substitution for these two methods, combin- 
ing the good qualities of both and avoiding their 
disadvantages, there is the "school of correspond- 
ence " method ; only those who can neither read 
nor write are debarred from its advantages, and 
the pupil may receive instruction wherever he may 
be, if within the reach of the mail. No matter 
where he may go, he need not drop -his work as 
his address can be clianged as often as desired. 



Correspond- 
ence Plan. 



AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 



Thousands 
Educated by 
the Corre- 
spondence 
Method. 



Personal 
Instruction. 



It is only the man who does not know, who now 
says that instruction cannot be given by corre- 
spondence. Those who have received a large part 
of their education in this manner are numbered by 
tens of thousands, and comprise men and women 
in all walks of life, thousands of whom owe their 
present positions to their application along the 
lines laid down by these schools. 

By the correspondence method each student re- 
ceives personal instruction and is in a class by 
himself. The instructor takes up each examina- 
tion paper separately, and gives to the correcting 
and criticising of it his personal and undivided at- 
tention ; he attends to supplying all needed inform- 
ation personally, and it is safe to say that not even 
in the best colleges do the students and instructors 
come into such close personal relations. This is 
because in most institutions the classes are so large 
that the different students are hardly known to the 
instructor by sight, much less by name, and conse- 
quently the instruction given must be of a general 
nature — always good — but not well adapted to the 
student's individual need. 



THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 

Founded to The AMERICAN ScHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE 

Meet a General ^as founded to meet a general demand among 
engineers and machinists for a strictly technical 
school furnishing the highest grade of instruction 
in steam and electrical engineering and machine 
shop practice. In meeting this demand, the 
School has been successful in the highest degree, 
while its growth in popularity has been unprece- 
dented. During its first year, the School had an 
enrollment of over 7,000 students. This remark- 
able success has been due to the high merit and 



10 AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 

practical value of the instruction given, as well as 
to the personal reputation of the School's officers 
and instructors. 
Chartered by In 1897 the School was granted a charter by the 
of Massa^^^ 'Commonwealth of Massachusetts " as an institution 
chusetts. of learning," and the seal of the School, adopted in 

accordance with this charter, appears on all Certifi- 
cates of Membership and Diplomas. The School 
has thus taken its place among the other institu- 
tions of learning which have made Massachusetts 
famous as the home of schools and universities of 
the highest rank. Each year the School renders 
a full report of its work, etc., to the State Commis- 
sioner of Education. This report gives a complete 
statement of the number of students enrolled, studies 
pursued, diplomas granted, endowments, funds and 
other information. 

LOCATION. 

Advantages of The main offices of the School are located in 
ocation. Boston which is an ideal location for a technical 

school. Besides being famous as a center of cul- 
ture and of education, Boston is a recognized cen- 
ter for high-grade mechanical industries. The 
many machine-shops, iron works and manufacto- 
ries, employing the highest class of skilled mechan- 
ics, afford unequalled opportunities for investigation 
and for consultation with leading members of the 
mechanical profession. 

Boston the Greater Boston has now a population of upwards 

Home of Tech-Q-f ^ million and a half, and within its limits are 
meal Schools. 

found many of the leading technical schools in 

the country. Harvard University, with its great 

libraries and laboratories, the Lawrence Scientific 

School, which gives the most advanced instruction 

in engineering, the Massachusetts Institute of 

Technology, one of the best exclusively technical 

schools in the world. Tuft's College, with its 

especially line facilities for electrical work, etc. 



AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 



11 



With ready access to these vast store-houses of 
information, with their completely equipped physi- 
cal, chemical and engineering laboratories, as well 
as to the magnificent new Boston Public Librar}-, 
not to mention the many libraries of lesser note, the 
American School of Correspondence has had 
many advantages in its march toward pre-emi- 
nence that would be prohibited to a similar school 
situated in a smaller town, remote from the great 
literary and scientific centers. 

^ INSTRUCTORS. 



Specialists in 
Their Work. 



Wisdom of 
Specializing. 



The instructors have been chosen with respect 
to their special qualifications for the work, and are 
men not only trained in the best technical schools 
of the country, but are also acquainted with the 
practical side of the work. This training has given 
them the ability to prepare instruction papers that 
are not only in every way practical and up to date, 
but that also omit all unnecessary detail and theory 
which would tend to confuse and mislead the 
student. In the preparation of these papers the 
leading authorities and experts of the day have 
been consulted, and no expense has been spared 
in making the work thoroughly comprehensive, 
clear and concise. 

As above stated, the School confines its atten- 
tion strictly to steam and electrical engineering and 
machine shop practice. All students will appreci- 
ate the wisdom of the School in thus concentrating 
its attention on a few important branches of 
mechanical science, as only by specializing can 
the highest grade of excellence be assured. This 
is true of the specialist in any department or pro- 
fession. The wisdom of not attempting '^to teach 
anything and evervthing " is thoroughly appreci- 
ated by the practical man, so that the School is 
recognized bv prominent educators and mechanics 



12 AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 

everywhere as the leading school of correspondence 
for engineers, electricians and machinists. 

INSTRUCTION PAPERS. 

Prepared As previously indicated the courses of study 

SchooL^ ^ °^ have been carefully laid out under the supervision 
of men experienced in practical engineering w^ork, 
as w^ell as in best methods of technical education, 
all of the instruction and examination papers hav- 
ing been prepared expressly and exclusively for 
the school. These instruction papers are printed 
pamphlets of from 40 to 100 pages each, fully illus- 
trated, sample pages from which are given in this 
hand-book. Everything unnecessary has been 
omitted. The instruction given is exceedingly plain 
and direct, being easily comprehended even by 
those who have forgotten how to study. Students 
cannot fail to find pleasure in noting how easy it is to 
progress. Again, it has been the aim of the School 
to have every statement in each problem represent 
a mechanical fact ; so while a student is working 
out an example he is also fixing in his mind some 
valuable information regarding tensile strength, 
breaking stress, etc., etc. 
"Nothing Taken A prominent and successful engineer has said 
orGrante . ^-^^^ ^jj ^£ j^-^ ^^^y^ ^^g (jQ^e on the basis of tak- 
ing nothing for granted. It is on this same prin- 
ciple that the work of the American School of 
Correspondence has been planned. In the ordi- 
nary text books it is assumed that the student has a 
certain amount of training and information that 
will enable him to understand much of the book 
itself. The School makes no such assumption. 
When a student writes for enrollment he gives evi- 
dence that he can at least read and write ; but no 
further requirements are asked. 
Beginning of As mathematics form the basis of all mechanical 
the Course. study the first work given the student is in arith- 



AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 



i;} 



How to 
Proceed. 



Method of 
Correcting. 



metic. If he is already familiar with it, the time 
spent in answering the examination questions will 
be comparatively little, and he passes rapidly over 
the earlier work, whereas if he is not familiar 
with it, he receives that very training which is 
absolutely necessary for all future work. After 
mastering the rudiments the student is taken step 
by step through the more advanced studies until 
the course is completed, the final examination 
passed, the diploma awarded, and the school has 
done the work for which it was founded. 

METHOD OF TEACHING. 

The actual method employed is as follows. 
Immediately upon enrollment, the student is sent 
the first and second instruction papers in his course, 
together with the first paper on mechanical draw- 
ing. Each instruction paper also contains the 
examination, bound in at the back, under the same 
cover. The drawing lessons are optional with the 
student. He may take up this work or not as he 
pleases. Accompanying the first papers are full 
instructions regarding how to proceed with the 
work. After carefully noting these directions, the 
student begins the study of the first instruction 
paper and after that is fully mastered, he should 
take up the examination paper, doing this work 
carefully and showing each step so that the in- 
structor may know that the principle is clearly 
understood. For the sake of economy the use of 
a rather thin paper is advised for this work, as the 
expense for postage is thus lessened. The student 
is also requested to write only on one side of the 
paper for the convenience of the instructor in cor- 
recting and offering suggestions. 

EXAMINATION PAPERS. 

When the first examination is worked out in 
full, mail same to the school and begin work on 



u 



AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 



Number Two. Immediately on receipt of the first 
examination, Number Three of the course will 
be mailed and the examination placed in the 
hands of the instructor for his attention. After 
carefully going over all the work, correcting errors 
not only in figures but in punctuation, capitalization, 
grammar, etc., and offering suggestions and ex- 
planations where it seems needed, the paper is re- 
turned. If the student shows a good working 
knowledge of the subject, no further study of this 
part is required. If, however, he seems unable to 
handle it understandingly, he will be expected to 
carefully review the paper until he has a good 
grasp of the subject. 

The papers after being criticised are of great 
value to the student. The marking is done by 
an expert, and it is of great importance that the 
student go carefully over each correction and note 
his errors and understand the cause. Sometimes 
the corrections made indicate mere carelessness and 
a lack of attention to details ; again, the method 
may be radically wrong, and in this case a few 
well chosen words will set the student right. Ex- 
perience has proved that written criticisms and sug- 
gestions are more apt to be remembered than those 
made verbally. 

SYSTEM OF MARKING. 



Value of 
Criticisms. 



Student's Gen- 
eral Ability 
Counts. 



As to marks, the School does not believe in at- 
tempting to mark a student's work by any definite 
system of percentage, as the conditions under 
which each student works vary so widely that it 
would be impossible to do justice to all. Brains 
and ability are difficult quantities to gauge. A 
thorough understanding of what one is trying to 
do, although he may make an error in the doing, 
is far better than reaching the correct result by 
blindly following some rule. The School has, 
therefore, adopted the system used in many of the 



AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 



16 



Ask for 
Assistance. 



Diploma. 



Special Exam- 
ination in 
Mathematics. 



leading colleges, and marks a paper '' Perfect," 
"Excellent," "Good," or " Fair," keeping an ac- 
curate record of the exact percentage. In general 
the markings approximate the following percen- 
tages ; "Perfect," ioo% ; "Excellent," 90%; 
"Good," 80% ; "Fair," 75%. 

When the student meets with difficulties in his 
work, he should at once advise the School of the 
fact. Such letters receive prompt attention from a 
trained teacher, and the explanation made is full 
and comprehensive. The student must not think 
that he is alone in asking assistance, as rendering 
this assistance is an important department of the 
School's work. The School would prefer to 
answer a letter each day, rather than have the 
student fail to understand the point in question. 

After having completed the full course and hav- 
ing satisfactorily passed all the examinations, a 
handsome diploma certifying to these facts will be 
presented to each student without further charge. 
In it will be stated that the student passed with 
" Credit," with " High Credit," or with the " High- 
est Credit." 

SPECIAL EXAMINATIONS. 

The School is deeply interested in the progress 
of its students, and is ready to do everything in its 
power to advance them rapidly. Some students 
may feel that they are proficient in mathematics, 
and that to review that part of the course is useless 
work. To such, who will apply, the School will 
furnish a special examination in mathematics, and 
if they pass this examination successfully they will 
at once be given the more advanced papers. The 
School will not, however, give examinations in 
the later work except for very good cause, and 
will not agree to grant a diploma to a student un- 
less he covers xery carefully all the different di- 
visions of the course, excepting mathematics. 



16 AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 

SPECIAL INQUIRY DEPARTMENT. 

A Prominent A very prominent feature of the American 

Feature of the ( 
School's Work/ 



Feature o the g^^.j^QQj^ Qp CORRESPONDENCE and one. whlch is 



greatly appreciated by all students is the Special 
Inquiry Department. Associated with the School 
is a first-class corps of consulting engineers, — 
men who are in every way practical, and who have 
had life-long experience in mechanical work, and 
the School offers to shop proprietors, foremen, and 
to the students generally the privilege of submit- 
ting to this body of experts any and all mechanical 
questions on which they may desire information. 
These questions are at once referred to the man 
most thoroughly conversant with the subject, and 
hence capable of handling it in the best possible 
manner, and the solution or explanation accom- 
panied with diagrams, when necessary, is forwarded 
by mail to the inquirer. This Special Inquiry De- 
partment offers such great advantages that it is 
very popular, and hundreds have complimented 
and thanked the School for the information and 
assistance given them. 

CERTIFICATE OF MEMBERSHIP. 

Issued at Once. On receipt of an application for a scholarship^ 
the School issues to each student a handsomely 
engraved certificate of membership bearing the 
seal of the School. This certificate is often framed 
and hung in the home, in the engine room, or in 
the shop, where any one seeing it knows its owner 
to be a man who is seeking advancement and 
knowledge, as well as the power and higher posi- 
tion that comes with knowledge. 
Time for Com- The certificate, a photographic reproduction of 
pieting Course ^yhich, considerably reduced in size, appears on 
another page, guarantees to the holder " all 
rights, privileges and benefits of the School for 
one year, including instruction in the study selected 



AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 



17 



until same is completed and a diploma awarded." 
The one-year clause applies only to the Special 
Inquiry Department ; in other words, the School 
will act as consulting engineer for a period of one 
year only. The course of study, however, is not 
limited as to time and may be continued until 
completed no matter how long it may take. 

SCHOLARSHIP NON-FORFEITABLE. 



May be 
Transferred. 



Courteous 
Treatment. 



A scholarship is non-forfeitable after being paid 
in full. Those who accept the monthly payment 
plan are allowed to sell or give away their scholar- 
ship and rights, the new student paying a just, 
proportion for instruction in the work already gone 
over by the original owner. 

The inability of the student to make his pay- 
ments promptly does not mean that he loses his. 
rights as a scholar — a line explaining the delay 
will always be considered favorably. To those 
who have met w^th reverses, from illness, loss of 
employment, or other causes, the School is always 
ready to extend all possible courtesy or favor. 



COST OF A SCHOLARSHIP. 



What a Schol- A scholarship in the American School of 
^"^^^P^^^^^^^^-CoRRESPONDENCE costs $36.50. This Scholarship 
includes instruction in the course selected (includ- 
ing mechanical drawing) until same is completed 
without regard to any time limit. It also includes 
an engraved certificate of membership which is 
issued to the student on his enrollment ; all nec- 
essary instruction books and examination papers 
(including postage on same) ; instruction by 
trained teachers throughout the course ; the privi- 
lege of consulting the Special Inquiry Department 



18 AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 

for the period of one year from time of enrollment ; 
and finally, a handsome and valuable diploma 
when the course is completed. 
Easy Payment To make it possible and convenient for all 
^^^^- desiring to enroll as members, the School has 

arranged so that the tuition may be paid at the rate 
of $3.00 per month, or ten cents a day, which 
brings the privileges of the School within the reach 
of every mechanic. The first payment of $3.00 
should be sent with the order, or paid to the 
representative of the School. The above cost, it 
will be appreciated, is very low, much less than 
the cost of tuition alone in the most inexpensive 
college and is only made possible by the large 
enrollment. 
School Pays The only additional expense to the student is 

OS age. , supplying what few drawing instruments he may 
need, blank paper for examinations, and postage 
in mailing same. The School pays all postage on 
instruction papers and returns all examination 
papers prepaid, and also supplies addressed en- 
velopes for the use of students. 

GENERAL SUGGESTIONS. 

Drawing The School does not sell drawing instruments, 

Instruments. ^^^ j^^^ ^^^^^ arrangements with two leading 

dealers in drawing materials, one in Boston and 
one in New York, whereby these firms will furnish 
such instruments to students in the American 
School of Correspondence at a large discount 
from regular prices. Few drawing instruments 
are really necessary to begin work, but of course 
if one wishes to do the best grade of work, more 
and better adjusted tools will be needed. The 
School will be glad to advise regarding draw- 
ing outfits thus often saving the purchaser con- 
siderable money. 



AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 19 

Blank Paper for As to paper for working out and mailing the 
Examinations, j.gg^j^^j. examinations the use of a light linen paper 
is strongly recommended, as it means a great saving 
in postage both to the student in sending and to 
the School in returning the examination paper. 
The School, therefore, will be pleased to supply a 
good quality of linen paper at the following low 
prices, postage paid. 

500 Sheets (about 7 x 10 inches) for $1.00 

200 Sheets (about 7 x 10 inches) for .50 

Orders for paper should be accompanied by the 

money or postage stamps. Part of this paper is 

printed as below, the balance being plain. 

American School of Correspondence, 
156 tremont street, 

BOSTON. 

Name Course 

Street Subject 

Town Part 

State Mark 



Note. — Use this sheet for the first page of your examination paper. Be 
careful to number each sheet of the same. 

This printed heading practically insures credit- 
ing the paper to the proper person, and as papers 
are often received with no name or address 
thereon, this is an important matter. Samples of 
paper are sent to all new students, and while 
the School does not insist on the use of this paper 
it strongly recommends it or a similar paper. 
How to Remit. As to sending money. Remit either by check, 
post-office or express money order or registered 
letter and receipt will be sent at once. The School 
attends very promptly to ail details of correspond- 
ence, and if any letter or examination paper is not 
promptly acknowledged, it has probably gone 
astray, or has been received without name or 
address. 



20 



AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 



Value of 
Specializing. 



Mechanical 
Drawing In- 
cluded Free. 



Necessity of 
a Broad 
Foundation. 



COURSES OF STUDY. 

Stationary Engineering. 
Marine Engineering. 
Locomotive Engineering. 
Electrical Engineering. 
Mechanical Engineering. 
Mechanical Drawing. 

As before stated, the School confines its attention 
to the above named branches of Mechanical 
Science, as by concentrating its attention on these 
few courses, it can give better instruction and 
more extended and careful treatment of these sub- 
jects than if it attempted to teach manv different 
courses. 

A comprehensive schedule of the more important 
divisions of each course is given in this hand-book, 
so that the student may know just what is included 
in his course. Mechanical Drawing is offered 
with each of the above courses and the School 
strongly recommends that all, who have the time, 
take up drawing, as it is of great importance to all 
engineers and machinists. 

A word about the elementary studies — arithme- 
tic, mensuration, mechanics, etc. Occasionally a 
student writes the School stating that he does not 
want to spend time studying branches that are un- 
interesting, but wishes to begin at once on the 
theory and construction of the boiler, steam engine 
or dvnamo. This method is usually unwise and 
sometimes impossible. Every successful engineer 
knows that a thorough training in mathematics is 
necessary. The abihty to use figures rapidly and 
accurately is essential to future success. The laws 
of nature — the foundation of science — must also 
be understood before a successful advance can be 
made. It is true that every engineer and machin- 
ist should be a specialist, but in order to reach that 
point he must have a broad and thorough knowl- 
edge of tlie first principles of his work, just as a 



AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 21 

physician who wishes to become a specialist must 

first thoroughly understand general anatomy and 

medicine. 

Thorough Every engineer and machinist who has climbed 

Work Essential|-Q ^j^^ ^^p q£ ^\^q ladder will sav that his success is 

to Success. ^ _ -^ 

due largely to his thorough knowledge of the rudi- 
ments of his work, and no school can do much for 
a student who is not willing to master the prelimi- 
nary work in mathematics and mechanics ; for, 
without a good foundation in these subjects no sat- 
isfactory progress can be made. The School 
therefore asks all students, in the most emphatic 
manner, not to slight the early work of the course, 
but to give the most painstaking attention to every 
detail until it is thoroughly mastered. 



GENERAL STUDIES 
PRELIMINARY TO ALL COURSES, 



ARITHMETIC. 

JVotatioii, JVumeration. Local and central value. 

Fundamental Processes. Addition, Subtraction, Multiplica- 
tion, and Division. Factoring and Cancellation. 

Fractions. Proper and improper. Mixed numbers. Re- 
duction of fractions. Least common multiple. Least common 
denominator. Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division 
of fractions. 

Decimals. Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division 
of decimals. Symbols of aggregation. 

Percentage. 

Denominate ^lumbers. Linear, square, and cubic measures. 
Measure of weight. Surveyors' measure. Liquid and dry 
measure. Measures of time and money. Operations of de- 
nominate numbers, addition, subtraction, etc. 

Involution. Powers, etc. 

Evolution. Square and cube roots. Roots of fractions. 
Roots other than square and cube roots. 

Ratio. Direct and inverse. 

Proportion. Direct and inverse. 

ALGEBRAIC FORMULAS AND MENSURATION. 

Algebraic Formulas . Use of letters. Substitution, etc. 

Mensuration. Mensuration of lines, surfaces, angles, etc., 
including triangles, quadrilaterals and other polygons, circles^ 
sectors, and segments. Measurement of the volumes of solids, 
prisms, cylinders, pyramids, cones, and frustrums of pyramids 
and cones. Volumes and surfaces of spheres and cylindrical 
rings. Practical problems. 



AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 23 

MECHANICS. 

Molecules and Atoms. Solid, liquid, and aeriform bodies. 
Universal and characteristic properties. Motion and velocity. 

Mo7nentum. 

Forces. Newton's Laws of Motion. Graphic representa- 
tion of forces. Parallelogram of forces. Composition and 
resolution of forces Parailelopiped of forces. 

Center of Gravity. Stable, unstable, and neutral equilib- 
rium. The determination of center of gravity. 

Gravitation. Absolute and gravity units. Falling bodies. 
Laws governing fall. Projectiles. Range of guns. 

Pendulum. Time of vibration. 

Energy. Kinetic and potential energy. 
Work. Foot-pounds and horse-power. 

Centrifugal for ce . 

Principles of Machinery . Levers. Moments of forces. 
Fixed and movable pulleys. Laws governing the pulley. 
Wheel and axle. Inclined plane. The Wedge. Screw. 

Friction. The laws governing friction. 

Transmission of Power. 

Rolling Contact. 

Gears. Driver and follower. Pitch, addendum, dedendurn, 
root and clearance circles. Blacklash. Spur gears. Bevel, 
mitre and worm gears. Pinions and helical gearing. Strength 
of gears.. Trains of gears. Gear's for an electric crane. 
Horse power transmitted by gears. 

Belt Gearing. Pulleys. Material for belts. Length of 
belts. Rope gearing. Single and double belts. Horse power 
transmitted by belts. 

Adhesion. 
Capillarity . 
Cohesion. 

Strength of Materials. Forces. Stresses, strams and 
deformations. Simple stresses. Unit stress. Elastic limit. 
Permanent set. Modulus of elasticity. Laws of stresses. 
Table of constants for materials. Elasticity. 

Tension. Behavior of materials under a gradually increasing 
stress. 

Compression. Shear and Torsion. 



24 AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 

Factor of Safety, Table of Factors under different 
conditions. 

Pipes and Cylinders, Calculations for strength. Steam 
and water pipes. Formulas for strength of spheres. External 
pressure. Formulas for strength of cylinders. Rolling and 
sliding friction. Lubrication. Coefficient of Friction. Table 
of coefficients of friction of various materials. 

Beams, Cantilever and simple beams. Uniform and con- 
centrated loads. Moments and reactions. Rupture of beams. 
Formulas for safe loads for simple cases. Table of values 
for Moments of Inertia and value of C for common shapes. 
Tables of values of v^rought iron I beams and deck beams. 
Deflection of beams. Laws governing deflection, stiffness and 
strength. Table of maximum deflections of simple cases. 
Comparison of beams. 

Columns, Kinds, shapes and condition of ends. Relative 
strengths. Formulas for finding allowable loads with given 
dimensions. 

Metric System. Metric measurement of surfaces, areas, 
volumes, etc. 

Hydrostatics, Density. Specific gravity. Methods of 
determining specific gravity. Hydrometers. Transmission of 
pressure by water. Relation of pressure to head. The 
Hydrostatic Press. Average pressure of surfaces. Center of 
pressure. Failure of dams. Pressure on tide-gates. 

Hydrokinetics, Relation of velocity to head. Quantity of 
water flowing through orifices, over weirs, etc. Measurement 
of water by orifices. Loss of head through friction, etc. 
Various forms of pumps. Overshot, undershot and breast 
wheels. Turbines. 

Pneumatics . Pressure of the atmosphere. The barometer. 
The Aneroid barometer. Proportion of volume and density to 
pressure. 

HEAT. 

Temperaticre. Thermometers. 

Expansion, Expansion of solids, liquids and gases. Co- 
efficient of expansion. 

Liquefaction, Liquefaction from heat. Melting point. 



AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 25 

Vaporization. Evaporation. Ebullition. Boiling point. 
Relation of boiling point to pressure. Distillation, or vapor- 
izing and condensing. 

Conduction. 

Convection, 

Radiation . 

Transmission^ Absorption and Reflection of Heat Rays. 
Diathermanous and athermanous bodies. 

Latent Heat. Latent heat of fusion. Latent heat of vaporiza- 
tion. Specific heat and its determination. Thermodynamics. 

CHEMISTRY AND METALLURGY. 

Chemistry . Laws. States of matter. Elements. Atoms. 
Molecules. Atomic weight. Symbols. Molecular weight. 
Fundamental Laws and their explanation. Chemical Reactions. 
Mixtures. Stochiometry. Solubility. Berthollet's Law. 
Radicals. Hydrates. Alkalies and Acids. Salts. Acid Salts, 
etc. Nomenclature of Salts. Quantivalence, etc. 

Combustion. Combustion of hydrocarbons and carbon. 
Products of combustion. Weight of air necessary to burn one 
pound of coal. Heat of combustion. Evaporation per pound of 
coal. Temperatures of combustion. Table of Specific Heats 
of solids and gases. Furnace temperature. Conditions for 
economic combustion. 

Metallurgy. Ores of iron. Preparation of ores. The blast 
furnace. Materials used, operation, and chemistry of the 
furnace. Propertiesof cast iron. Wrought iron. The Catalan 
process. The Puddling process. Mechanical puddlers. 
Welding. Steel. Cementation and Crucible processes. 
Bessemer process. Converters. Casting. Ingots. Steel 
rails, manufacture and composition. The Open Hearth pro- 
cess. The Acid and the Basic processes. Gas Producers. 
Special steels. Case hardening. Effect of the elements on 
steel. Tempering colors and hardness. 



MECHANICAL DRAWING COURSE. 

GENERAL STUDIES. 



Arithmetic, 

Algebraic Formulas and flensuration, 

rieciianics and Heat. 

Chemistry and fletallurgy. 



For outline of these studies 
}■ see pages 22 to 25 
inclusive. 



MECHANICAL DRAWING. 

Instru7nents, Boards, T squares, compasses, triangles, rul- 
ing pens, scales, ink, etc. 

Lines and Surfaces. Simple lines. Laying out distances. 
Definition of Lines and Surfaces. Measurements of Lines^ 
Angles, Surfaces and Solids. Drawing perpendicular and 
parallel lines. Dividing a line into equal parts. Tangents. 
Regular polygons. Divisions of a circle. Use and construc- 
tion of a scale. Tangential circles. Mouldings. 

Drawing. Ovals, Ellipses, Parabolas, etc. Projections of 
points, lines and planes. Projections of solids, prisms, cylin- 
ders, cones, spheres, etc. 

Lines of Light. Brilliant points and lines. Shades and 
shadows. 

Oblique Projections, Prisms and cylinders. 

Intersections. Intersections of surfaces, cones and prisms. 

Details of Iron Work. Step for vertical shaft. Piston rod 
gland. Ball joint. Cast shafting. Steam fittings. Screws 
and nuts. Laying out sheet metal work and gearing. Cams, 
hand tools, vises, etc. 

Afachines. Pumps, Cams. Steam engine, Governors, etc. 

Shading and Tinting. Colors. Lettering. 
Working Drawings. Drawing from sketches. Scale draw- 
ings. Details. Assembled drawings. 

Note. The course in Mechanical Drawing is offered without additional charge 
to all students taking any of the engineering courses. If the course is desired separately 
a special price will be made. 



STATIONARY ENGINEERING. 

GENERAL STUDIES. 

Arithmetic. ^ 

Algebraic Formulas and Hensuration. [ For outline of these studies 
,- . . J 1-1 ^ y see pages 22 to 25 

Mechanics and Heat. | inclusive. 

Chemistry and fletallurgy. J 

CONSTRUCTION OF BOILERS. 

Materials. Description, uses, qualities and mechanical tests. 

Prcfaratioii of Plates. Punching, planing, drilling and 
shaping. 

Riveting. Shapes, sizes and specifications of rivets. Hand, 
steam and hydraulic riveting. Countersunk riveting. 

Riveted Joints. Lap, butt and combination. Single, double 
and treble riveting. Efficiences of riveted joints. Lap and 
pitch. Arrangement of plates and joints. Longitudinal and 
girth seams. Methods of connecting parallel plates and plates 
at right angles. Construction of water leg. 

Stays. Plain stay rods and methods of connecting to plates. 
Diagonal and gusset stays. Short screw stay bolts. Girder 
and sling stays. 

Calking. Tools, good and bad shapes. 

Welded Joints. Advantages and disadvantages. 

Tubes and Tube Sheets. Punching and drilling. Expand- 
ing tubes in tube sheet. 

BOILER DESIGN. 

Requisites. Choice of type and size. 

Horse Power. Definition, etc. 

Requirements. General requirements of all boilers. 

Design of Multitubular Boiler. Calculation of grate area. 
Tables of rates of combustion and rates of evaporation for the 
common types. Size and number of tubes. Table of dimen- 
sions of lap welded boiler tubes. Design of steam, tube and 
water spaces. Dimensions of the boiler. Calculation of area 
of heating surface. Tables of ratios ; heating surface to grate 



28 AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 

surface ; grate surface to horse power ; heating surface to 
horse power ; and efficiencies of different sections of a cylin- 
drical boiler. Water level and end plate. 

Strength of Boilers. Formulas for longitudinal and trans- 
verse strength, for finding thickness and allowable pressures. 
Mathematical design of riveted joints. Table of lap joints 
giving dimensions and efficiencies. Arrangement of sections. 
Design and formulas for strength of flues. Calculation of 
strength of stays and area of supported surfaces. Uptake. 
Manholes and brackets. 

Chimneys, Formulas for calculation of size. Table of 
sizes and boiler horse powers. Brick and steel chimneys. 

TYPES OF BOILERS. 

History. Brief history of early forms of boilers. Develop- 
ment of modern boilers. 

Types. Choice of types for different conditions. 

Boilers. Description of plain cylindrical boilers. 

Khie Boilers. Cornish, Lancashire and Galloway. 

Stationary Boilers. Multitubular and vertical. 

Steajn Fire Engine Boilers. 

Locomotive Boilers, Locomotive boilers as stationary 
boilers. 

Marine Boilers. R,eturn Tube and Through Tube boilers. 
Water Tube Boilers. Description, peculiarities and advan- 
tages of the Babcock and Wilcox, Elephant, Root, Almy, 
Heine, Sterling, Harrison, Cahall, Hazelton or Porcupine, 
Belleville, Yarrow, Thornvcroft and Field boilers. 

BOILER ACCESSORIES. 

Furnaces. Grate bars, bridges, rocking grates. Smoke 
prevention. Down draft furnaces. Mechanical stokers. Fuel 
economizers. Special furnaces for wood, fluid fuels, etc. 
Natural and forced drafts. 

Valves and Cocks. Globe, angle, gate and check valves. 
Safety valves. Reducing valves. Blow off cocks and blow 
out valves. 

Water Gages. Try cocks, gage glasses and floats. 

Steam and Vacuum GaQ-cs. 



AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 29 



Fiisihle Plugs. Composition and position. 

Separators and Steam Traps, 

Feed Apparatus, Feed pumps and injectors. Feed water 
heaters. 

Stirface and Jet Condensers, 

Man Holes and Hand Holes, Supports. 

Piping and Pipe Covering, Relative efficiencies. 

Boiler Setting, Tubular and water tube boilers. 

Cleaning and Inspection. 

Corrosion and Incrustation, 

Boiler Explosions. Causes, Effects, Methods of prevention. 

Firing. Laying and starting the fire. Methods of firing. 
Spreading, alternate and coking systems. Thickness of bed 
of coal on grate for forced and natural drafts. Tools used for 
the furnace. Cleaning the fire. Drawing and Banking. 

Cautions and Instructions. 

Boiler Tests. Methods of conducting. 

MACHINE DESIGN. 

Materials Used in Construction. Properties. Contraction 
and expansion of metals. Alloys. Strains in machines. 

Machine Drawing. Plans, elevations and sections. Work- 
ing drawings. Isometric and oblique projections. Assembled 
drawings. 

Bolts and JVuts. Standard threads. Proportions. Conventional 
forms. Locking devices. Keys. Cotters and gibs. Split pins. 

Bearings. Design of pillow blocks. Brasses. Bearing 
pressures. Lubricants and oil cups. 

Couplings. Universal and knuckle joints. Couplings. 

Pedestals, Brackets and Hangers, 

Gears. Cycloidal and involute curves. Laying out and 
calculation of proportions of teeth. Odontograph and templet. 
Cast and cut gears. Construction and proportion for strength. 
Rims, arms, hubs, etc. 

Cams and Ratchets. 

Pulleys, Belt, hemp and wire rope pulleys. Chains, hooks 
and chain drums. 

Pipes and Pipe Joint Connections, 

Frames for Engines and Machines , 



so AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 

THE STEAM ENGINE. 

Early History, Hero's Engine. Pumping Engines for 
mines. Savery's Engine. Newcomen, Watt and Stevenson. 

Steam, General properties. Saturated and Superheated. 
Absolute temperatures and pressures. Sensible, Latent, Spe- 
cific and Total heats. Heat of vaporization. Laws of temper- 
ature and pressure. Use of steam expansively. Laws of 
expansion. 

The Steam E^igine, Parts of the simple engine with their 
functions. The cylinder, stuffing-box, piston, valves, cross- 
head, guides, connecting- rod, crank, and fly wheel. Gov- 
ernors, bearings and lubrication. Condensing and non-con- 
densing engines. Condensers. 

Stationary Engines. High speed and low speed. Single 
and double acting. Horizontal and vertical. Simple, com- 
pound, triple and quadruple expansion engines. Receivers. 
Engines for mills, factories, pumping and electric lighting. 
Devices for economy. 

JVon- Stationary Engines. Locomotive engines. Marine 
engines. Advantages of vertical over horizontal engines. 
Side wheel and propeller engines. 

INDICATORS AND VALVE GEARS. 

Work. Watt's diagram of work. 

The Indicator, Watt's indicator. The Thompson, Tabor 
and Crosby Indicators. Methods of attaching. 

The Indicator Card. Its value to the engineer. The theo- 
retical card for a single cylinder engine. Distribution of steam 
in the cylinder. Clearance, admission, expansion, release and 
compression. Comparison of theoretical and actual indicator 
cards. Area of card. Methods of finding. Planimeter. Mean 
effective pressure. Indicated horse-power. Brakes. Brake 
horse power. Efficiency of engine. Cards for compound and 
triple expansion engines. 

The Plain Slide Valve. Description. Zeuner's valve dia- 
gram. Cut off, lap, lead, compression, etc. Piston valve and 
balanced valves. Valve setting. 

Eccentrics. Form and construction. Reversing apparatus. 



AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 31 



Link motion. Open and crossed rods. Stephenson, Gooch 
and Allen links. Marine and Locomotive link motions. Mar- 
shall and Joy valve gears. Cut off valves. Meyer valves. 
The Corliss engine. 

Governors. Fly wheel and centrifugal governors. 

DETAILS OF THE STEAM ENGINE. 

General Arrangement. Arrangement of parts of horizontal 
and vertical engines. Arrangement of cylinders in compound 
and triple expansion engines. 

The Cylinder. Requisites. Material used. Jacketed and 
unjacketed. Liners. Clearance volumes and ports. 

Piston. Forms. Packing rings. Hollow and cast steel 
pistons. Piston rod and methods of fastening. Velocity of 
piston. 

Stuffing Boxes. Glands. Hemp and metallic packing. Ad- 
justing packing. 

Crosshead and Slides. Forms of crosshead with two slides. 
Slippet* crosshead. Lubrication. Pressure on slides. 

Connecting Rod. Sections. Rods for low and high speeds. 
Vertical and horizontal connecting rods. Forms of ends. 
Forked end. Brasses. Marine engine connecting rod. 

Cranks and Eccentric. Overhung cranks. Disc cranks. 
Double cranks. Built up cranks. The crank pin. Method of 
attaching cranks to shaft. Eccentric. Strap and sheaf. Eccen- 
tric rods. 

Reversing Gears. Links and rods. 

Bearings. Pillow blocks. Brasses. 

Valves. Plain slide valve. Lap. Lead. Angular advance. 
Port openings. Velocity of steam through ports. Piston valve. 
Expansion valves, etc. Valve rods. 

Governors. Centrifugal governors. Calculation of weight 
of balls. Fly wheel governors. Methods of attaching gov- 
ernors. Marine engine governors. 

Fly Wheels. Office of fly wheel. Centrifugal force. 

Lubrication. Oil cups. Cylinder lubrication. 

Pulley. Pulley for main shaft. Width of belt. 

Frames, Engine frames for vertical and horizontal engines. 



32 AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 

ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM. 

Static Electricity, Phenomena of attraction and repulsion. 
Electroscope. Polarized bodies. Induction. Electrophorus. 
Location of charge. Conductors and Insulators. Electric 
Machines. Condensers. The Leyden Jar. Voltaic Elec- 
tricity. Chemical actions in voltaic cell. Various forms of 
cells, — Smee, Bi-chromate, Leclanche, Daniell, Grove, Grav- 
ity, Bunsen, etc. 

Magnetis77i. Natural Magnets. Temporary and Permanent 
Magnets. Armatures. Properties of Magnets. Lines of 
Magnetic Force. Retentivity. Terrestrial Magnetism. Dia- 
magnetism. Electrolysis. Electroplating. Electrotyping. 
Storage Batteries. Deflection of Magnetic Needle. Solenoids. 
Electromagnets. Induced Electricity. Primary and Secondary 
Coils. Induction Coils. Currents induced by currents and 
magnets. Thermo-Electricity. 

The Electric Current. Ohm's Law and its application. 
Relation of current to electromotive force and resistance. The 
Ohm, Ampere, and Volt. Resistance of Wires, etc. Conduc- 
tance and Conductivity. Applications. Internal and External 
Resistance. Comparison of various batteries. Electrical 
Quantity. The Coulomb. Difference and Fall of Potential. 

Circuits, Series and Shunts. Parallel and Multiple arc. 
Laws of Shunts. Currents in Shunt Circuits. Back electro- 
motive force. Typical circuit. Methods of grouping cells for 
economy, current and quickest action. Heating effects. 
Energy lost. The Joule. Electric Energy and Power. The 
Watt. Horse power. Central Power Stations. Distribution 
of Electric Energy. Different Systems. High and Low 
Voltages, etc. 

DIRECT CURRENT MACHINERY. 

Dynamos, Physical Theory of Dynamo-Electric Machinery. 
Magnetic Lines of Force. Electromagnetic Induction. Pro- 
duction of a Current. Armature. Ring and Drum. Field 
Magnets. Series, Shunt and Compound winding and advan- 
tages of each. Curves. Ampere Turns. Separate and Self 



AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 33 

Excitation. Bipolar and Multipolar Dynamos. Output. Heat- 
ing. Sparking. Care and Operation. Torque. Back elec- 
tromotive Force. Hysteresis. Efficiency. Losses: Core, 
Field, Armature, Mechanical. Regulation of E. M. F. 
Closed and open windings. Commutators. Brushes. Journals. 
Materials used. Fuses. Testing. Horse Power. Installa- 
tion and Setting. 

Types, Edison, Brush, Thomson-Houston, General Electric, 
Westinghouse, Walker, Siemens-Halske, Crocker- Wheeler, 
Thomson-Ryan, Holtzer-Cabot, Wood, Western Electric, Ball, 
Excelsior, Standard, Fort Wayne, etc. 

Motors. Treatment similar to Dynamos. 

* ELECTRIC LIGHTING. 

Methods^ Source a?id History. 

Incandescent Lights. Construction and process of making. 
Methods of connecting. Efficiency. Watts required. Heat- 
ing. Life. 

Arc Lights. Principles. Method. Source. Details of 
Construction. Temperature. Candle Power. Efficiency. Car- 
bons. Wear of Carbons. Life. Feeding Mechanism of 
various kinds. Use of Alternating Currents. Distribution. 
Voltages. Location. Installation. 

Production of Current. Dynamos and Generators. Storage 
Batteries. Economy. Calculations. 

Poles and Fittings. Cross Arms. Pins. Insulators. Care 
of Lines. 

Street Lighting. Underground Distribution. Conduits. 
Manholes. Care and Maintenance. Poles and Fittings. Cross 
Arms. Pins. Insulators. Care of Lines. 

Use of Transfor7ner. 

Systems. 

Wiring in Buildings, 

Cut-outs^ etc. 

* ADVANCED MATHEMATICS. 

Algebra. Symbols of various kinds. Fundamental Opera- 
tions. Use of Parentheses. Formulge. Factoring. Highest 

* This topic is optional and may be omitted if desired. 



34 AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 

Common Factor. Least Common Multiple. Fractions. Simple 
Equations containing one or more unknown quantities. Limits 
and Inequalities. Involution. Evolution. Square and other 
roots. Exponents and Radicals. Quadratic Equations. Simul- 
taneous Equations. Ratio and Proportion. Arithmetical and 
Geometrical Progressions. Binomial Theorem. 

Geometry. Principles and Definitions. Lines and Points. 
Triangles. Quadrilaterals. Polygons. The Circle. Measure- 
ment of Angles, etc. Similar Figures. Areas and Measure- 
ments. 

Logarithms. Characteristic, mantissa, base, etc. 

Trigonometry . Principles. Trigonometrical Functions and 
derivation of Formulae. Circular Measure. Calculation of 
heights and distances. Computation of Areas. 

MECHANICAL DRAWING. 

Instruments. Boards, T squares, compasses, triangles, rul- 
ing pens, scales, ink, etc. 

Lines and Siirfaces. Simple lines. Laying out distances. 
Definition of Lines and Surfaces. Measurements of Lines, 
Angles, Surfaces and Solids. Drawing perpendicular and 
parallel lines. Dividing a line into equal parts. Tangents. 
Regular polygons. Divisions of a circle. Use and construc- 
tion of a scale. Tangential circles. Mouldings. 

Drawing. Ovals, Ellipses, Parabolas, etc. Projections of 
points, lines and planes. Projections of solids, prisms, cylin- 
ders, cones, spheres, etc. 

Lines of Light. Brilliant points and lines. Shades and 
shadows. 

Oblique Projections. Prisms and cylinders. 

Intersections. Intersections of surfaces, cones and prisms. 

Details of Iron Work. Step for vertical shaft. Piston rod 
gland. Ball joint. Cast shafting. Steam fittings. Screws 
and nuts. Laying out sheet metal work and gearing. Cams, 
hand tools, vises, etc. 

Machines. Pumps, Cams, Steam engine. Governors, etc. 

Shading and Tinting. Colors. Lettering. 
Working Drazviugs. Drawing from sketches. Scale draw- 
ings. Details. Assembled drawings. 



MARINE ENGINEERING. 

GENERAL STUDIES. 



Arithmetic. 

Algebraic Formulas and flensuration. 

Mechanics and Heat. 

Chemistry and fletallurgy. 



For outline of these studies 

see pages 22 to 25 

inclusive. 



CONSTRUCTION OF BOILERS. 

Materials. Description, uses, qualities and mechanical tests. 

Prcpai'ation of Plates. Punching, planing, drilling and 
shaping. 

Riveting. Shapes, sizes and specifications of rivets. Hand, 
steam and hydraulic riveting. Countersunk riveting. 

Riveted Joints. Lap, butt and combination. Single, double 
and treble riveting. Efficiences of riveted joints. Lap and 
pitch. Arrangement of plates and joints. Longitudinal and 
girth seams. Methods of connecting parallel plates and plates 
at right angles. Construction of water leg. 

Stays. Plain stay rods and methods of connecting to plates. 
Diagonal and gusset stays. Short screw stay bolts. Girder 
and sling stays. 

Calking. Tools, good and bad shapes. 

Welded Joints. Advantages and disadvantages. 

Tubes and Tube Sheets. Punching and drilling. Expand- 
ing tubes in tube sheet. 

BOILER DESIGN. 

Reqitisites. Choice of type and size. 

Horse Power. Definition, etc. 

RequirementSo General requirements of all boilers. 

Design oj Multitubular Boiler. Calculation of grate area. 
Tables of rates of combustion and rates of evaporation for the 
common types. Size and number of tubes. Table of dimen- 
sions of lap welded boiler tubes. Design of steam, tube and 
water spaces. Dimensions of the boiler. Calculation of area 
of heating surface. Tables of ratios ; heating surface to grate 



3G AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 

surface ; grate surface to horse power ; heating surface to 
horse power ; and efficiencies of different sections of a cylin- 
drical boiler. Water level and end plate. 

Strength of Boilers. Formulas for longitudinal and trans- 
verse strength, for finding thickness and allowable pressures. 
Mathematical design of riveted joints. Table of lap joints 
giving dimensions and efficiencies. Arrangement of sections. 
Design and formulas for strength of flues. Calculation of 
strength of stays and area of supported surfaces. Uptake. 
Manholes and brackets. 

Chimneys. Formulas for calculation of size. Table of 
sizes and boiler horse powers. Brick and steel chimneys. 

TYPES OF BOILERS. 

History. Brief history of early forms of boilers. Develop- 
ment of modern boilers. 

Types. Choice of types for different conditions. 

Boilers. Description of plain cylindrical boilers. 

J^lue Boilers. Cornish, Lancashire and Galloway. 

Stationary Boilers. Multitubular and vertical. 

Steam Fire Engine Boilers. 

Locomotive Boilers. Locomotive boilers as stationary 
boilers. 

Marine Boilers. Return Tube and Through Tube boilers. 
Water Tube Boilers. Description, peculiarities and advan- 
tages of the Babcock and Wilcox, Elephant, Root, Almy, 
Heine, Sterling, Harrison, Cahall, Hazelton or Porcupine,, 
Belleville, Yarrow, Thornycroft and Field boilers. 

BOILER ACCESSORIES. 

Furnaces. Grate bars, bridges, rocking grates. Smoke 
prevention. Down draft furnaces. Mechanical stokers. Fuel 
economizers. Special furnaces for wood, fluid fuels, etc. 
Natural and forced drafts. 

Valves and Cocks. Globe, angle, gate and check valves. 
Safety valves. Reducing valves. Blow off cocks and blow 
out valves. 

Water Gages. Try cocks, gage glasses and floats. 

Steam and Vacuum Gages, 



AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 37 



Fusible Plugs. Composition and position. 

Separators anel Steam Traps. 

Feed Apparatus. Feed pumps and injectors. Feed water 
heaters. 

Surface and Jet Condensers. 

Man Holes and Hand Holes. Supports. 

Piping and Pipe Covering. Relative efficiencies. 

Boiler Setting. Tubular and water tube boilers. 

Cleaning and Inspection. 

Corrosion and Incrustation. 

Boiler Explosions. Causes, Effects, Methods of prevention. 

Firing. Laying and starting the fire. Methods of firing. 
Spreading, alternate and coking systems. Thickness of bed 
of coal on grate for forced and natural drafts. Tools used for 
the furnace. Cleaning the iire. Drawing and Banking. 

Cautions and Instructions. 

Boiler Tests. Methods of conducting. 

MARINE BOILERS. 

Forms. Square and cylindrical. General dimensions. Water- 
tube boilers. Advantages of water-tube boilers. 

Return Tube Boiler. Parts with general arrangement. Ad- 
vantages. Strength. Double ended return tube boilers. 

Through Tube Boiler. Arrangement of parts. When used. 

Details. Detail of parts of return tube boiler. The shell, 
flues, furnaces, combustion chamber, tubes, tube plates, heating 
surfaces, steam space, stays, man holes, uptake, funnel, damper, 
lagging, etc. 

Fittings. Safety valve. Main stop and auxiliary valve. 
Gage cocks and glass. Pressure gage. Surface blow out or 
brine valve. Mud valve. Feed valve. Salinometer. Separators 
and heaters. Feed pumps and injectors. 

Draft. Natural and forced. Methods of obtaining forced 
draft. Funnel exhaust. Disadvantages. Measuring forced 
draft. Blowers. 

Auxiliary Boilers. Uses and proportions. 

Care and 7nanagement. Building the fire. Firing. Clean- 
ing and banking the fire. Choice of and heating values of 



38 AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 

fuels. Feeding and feed water. Salt water as feed water. 
Oil in feed water. Corrosion of marine boilers. Care of 
boilers. 

Fittings, 

Tests. Hydraulic and efficiency tests. Trials. 

Specifications. 

Boilers for Warships. 

MACHINE DESIGN. 

Materials Used in Construction. Properties. Contraction 
and expansion of metals. Alloys. Strains in machines. 

Machine Drawing. Plans, elevations and sections. Work- 
ing drawings. Isometric and oblique projections. Assembled 
drawings. 

B olts and Nuts . Standard threads. Proportions. Conventional 
forms. Locking devices. Keys. Cotters and gibs. Split pins. 

Bearings. Design of pillow blocks. Brasses. Bearing 
pressures. Lubricants and oil cups. 

Couplings. Universal and knuckle -"oints. Couplings. 

Pedestals^ Brackets and Hangers. 

Gears. Cycloidal and involute curves. Laying out and 
calculation of proportions of teeth. Odontograph and templet. 
Cast and cut gears. Construction and proportion for strength. 
Rims, arms, hubs, etc. 

Cams and Ratchets. 

Pulleys. Belt, hemp and wire rope pulleys. Chains, hooks 
and chain drums. 

Pipes and Pipe Joint Connections. 

Frames for Engines and Machines. 

THE STEAM ENGINE. 

Early History. Hero's Engine. Pumping Engines for 
mines. Savery's Engine. Newcomen, Watt and Stevenson. 

Steam. General properties. Saturated and Superheated. 
Absolute temperatures and pressures. Sensible, Latent, Spe- 
cific and Total heats. Heat of vaporization. Laws of temper- 
ature and pressure. Use of steam expansively. Laws of 
expansion. 



AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 39 

The Steam Engine, Parts of the simple engine with their 
functions. The cylinder, stuffing-box, piston, valves, cross- 
head, guides, connecting rod, crank, and fly wheel. Gov- 
ernors, bearings and lubrication. Condensing and non-con- 
densing engines. Condensers. 

Stationary Engines. High speed and low speed. Single 
and double acting. Horizontal and vertical. Simple, com- 
pound, triple and quadruple expansion engines. Receivers. 
Engines for mills, factories, pumping and electric lighting. 
Devices for economy. 

JVon- Stationary Engines. Locomotive engines. Marine 
engines. Advantages of vertical over horizontal engines. 
Side wheel and propeller engines. 

INDICATORS AND VALVE GEARS. 

Work. Watt's diagram of work. 

The Indicator. Watt's indicator. The Thompson, Tabor 
and Crosby Indicators. Methods of attaching. 

The Indicator Card. Its value to the engineer. The theo- 
retical card for a single cylinder engine. Distribution of steam 
in the cylinder. Clearance, admission, expansion, release and 
compression. Comparison of theoretical and actual indicator 
cards. Area of card. Methods of finding. Planimeter. Mean 
effective pressure. Indicated horse-power. Brakes. Brake 
horse power. Efficiency of engine. Cards for compound and 
triple expansion engines. 

The Plain Slide Valve. Description. Zeuner's valve dia- 
gram. Cut off, lap, lead, compression, etc. Piston valve and 
balanced valves. Valve setting. 

Eccentrics. Form and construction. Reversing apparatus. 
Link motion. Open and crossed rods. Stephenson, Gooch 
and Allen links. Marine and Locomotive link motions. Mar- 
shall and Joy valve gears. Cut off valves. Meyer valves. 
The Corliss engine. 

Govcr7iors. Fly wheel and centrifugal governors. 



40 AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 

DETAILS OF THE STEAM ENGINE. 

General Arrange^nent, Arrangement of parts of horizontal 
and vertical engines. Arrangement of cylinders in compound 
and triple expansion engines. 

The Cylinder. Requisites. Material used. Jacketed and 
unjacketed. Liners. Clearance volumes and ports. 

Piston. Forms. Packing rings. Hollow and cast steel 
pistons. Piston rod and methods of fastening. Velocity of 
piston. 

Sttiffing Boxes. Glands. Hemp and metallic packing. Ad- 
justing packing. 

Crosshead and Slides. Forms of crosshead with two slides. 
Slipper crosshead. Lubrication. Pressure on slides. 

Connecting Rod. Sections. Rods for low and high speeds. 
Vertical and horizontal connecting rods. Forms of ends. 
Forked end. Brasses. Marine engine connecting rod. 

Cranks and Eccent7Hc. Overhung cranks. Disc cranks. 
Double cranks. Built up cranks. The crank pin. Method of 
attaching cranks to shaft. Eccentric. Strap and sheaf. Eccen- 
tric rods. 

Reversing Gears. Links and rods. 

Bearings. Pillow blocks. Brasses. 

Valves. Plain slide valve. Lap. Lead. Angular advance. 
Port openings. V^elocity of steam through ports. Piston valve. 
Expansion valves, etc. Valve rods. 

Governors. Centrifugal governors. Calculation of weight 
of balls. Fly wheel governors. Methods of attaching gov- 
ernors. Marine engine governors. 

Fly Wheels. Office of fly wheel. Centrifugal force. 

Lubrication. Oil cups. Cylinder lubrication. 

Pulley. Pulley for main shaft. Width of belt. 

Frames. Engine frames for vertical and horizontal engines. 

MARINE ENGINES. 

Horizontal and Vertical Engines. Use of vertical or hori- 
zontal. Engines for side-wheel and screw propeller. Details 
of horizontal engines. 



AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 41 

Cylinders, The cylinder, lining, jacketing. Piston and 
packing rings. Steel pistons. Clearance. Piston rod. Lubri- 
cation. 

Cross Head. Kinds. Slides and lubrication. 

Connecting Rod. Materials. Size and form of ends. 

Cranks and Shafts. Shape. Hollow cranks. Solid and 
hollow shafts. Couplings and bearings. 

Valves. Slide valve. Double ported slide valve. Admis- 
sion of steam. Ports. Packing rings. Balanced pistons. 

Eccentrics. Lap, Lead and Angular Advance. Link 
motion. Reversible eccentric. Stephenson Link. Marshall 
Valve Gear. 

Condensers. Surface and jet. Air pumps. 

Steam Expansion. Value of expansion. High pressures. 

The Compound Engine. Advantages. Arrangements. 
Receivers. Placing of cranks on the shaft. Size of cylinder. 
Indicator cards of compound engines. Steam consumption 
per L H. P. per hour. 

The Triple Expansion Engine. Arrangements of cylinders 
and receivers. Proportions of parts. Crank effort. Cards 
and steam consumption. 

The Vertical Engine. Advantages of vertical over hori- 
zontal engine for marine work. 

Auxiliary Engines. Feed pump. Blowers. Ash hoists 
and ejectors. Circulating pumps. Air pumps. Wrecking 
pumps. 

Care of Engines. Oiling. Starting. Stopping. Repair- 
ing. Setting of bearings, etc. 

Engines for Warships. Horsepower. Twin and triple 
screw engines. 

ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM. 

Static Electricity. Phenomena of attraction and repulsion. 
Electroscope. Polarized bodies. Induction. Electrophorus. 
Location of charge. Conductors and Insulators. Electric 
Machines. Condensers. The Leyden Jar. Voltaic Elec- 
tricity. Chemical actions in voltaic cell. Various forms of 



42 AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 

cells, — Smee, Bi-chromate, Leclanche, Daniell, Grove, Grav- 
ity, Bunsen, etc. 

Magnetism, Natural Magnets. Temporary and Permanent 
Magnets. Armatures. Properties of Magnets. Lines of 
Magnetic Force. Retentivity. Terrestrial Magnetism. Dia- 
magnetism. Electrolysis. Electroplating. Electrotyping. 
Storage Batteries. Deflection of Magnetic Needle. Solenoids. 
Electromagnets. Induced Electricity. Primary and Secondary 
Coils. Induction Coils. Currents induced by currents and 
magnets. Thermo-Electricity. 

The Electric Current. Ohm's Law and its application. 
Relation of current to electromotive force and resistance. The 
Ohm, Ampere, and Volt. Resistance of Wires, etc. Conduc- 
tance and Conductivity. Applications. Internal and External 
Resistance. Comparison of various batteries. Electrical 
Quantity. The Coulomb. Difference and Fall of Potential. 

Circuits. Series and Shunts. Parallel and Multiple arc. 
Laws of Shunts. Currents in Shunt Circuits. Back electro- 
motive force. Typical circuit. Methods of grouping cells for 
economy, current and quickest action. Heating effects. 
Energy lost. The Joule. Electric Energy and Power. The 
Watt. Horse power. Central Power Stations. Distribution 
of Electric Energy. Different Systems. High and Low 
Voltages, etc. 

DIRECT CURRENT MACHINERY. 

Dynamos. Physical Theory of Dynamo-Electric Machinery. 
Magnetic Lines of Force. Electromagnetic Induction. Pro- 
duction of a Current. Armature. Ring and Drum. Field 
Magnets. Series, Shunt and Compound winding and advan- 
tages of each. Curves. Ampere Turns. Separate and Self 
Excitation. Bipolar and Multipolar Dynamos. Output. Heat- 
ing. Sparking. Care and Operation. Torque. Back elec- 
tromotive Force. Hysteresis. Efficiency. Losses: Core, 
Field, Armature, Mechanical. Regulation of E. M. F. 
Closed and open windings. Commutators. Brushes. Journals. 
Materials used. Fuses. Testing. Horse Power. Installa- 
tion and Setting. 



AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 43 

Types. Edison, Brush, Thomson-Houston, General Electric, 
Westinghouse, Walker, Siemens-Halske, Crocker-Wheeler, 
Thomson-Ryan, Holtzer-Cabot, Wood, Western Electric, Ball, 
Excelsior, Standard, Fort Wayne, etc. 

Motors, Treatment similar to Dynamos. 

* ELECTRIC LIGHTING. 

Methods^ Source and History. 

Incandescent Lights. Construction and process of making. 
Methods of connecting. Efficiency. Watts required. Heat- 
ing. Life. 

Arc Lights. Principles. Method. Source. Details of 
Construction. Temperature. Candle Power. Efficiency. Car- 
bons. Wear of Carbons. Life. Feeding Mechanism of 
various kinds. Use of Alternating Currents. Distribution. 
Voltages. Location. Installation. 

Production of Current. Dynamos and Generators. Storage 
Batteries. Economy. Calculations. 

Poles and Fittings. Cross Arms. Pins. Insulators. Care 
of Lines. 

Street Lighting. Underground Distribution. Conduits. 
Manholes. Care and Maintenance. Poles and Fittings. Cross 
Arms. Pins. Insulators. Care of Lines. 

Use of Tra7isformer. 

Systems. 
Wiring in Buildings. 

Cut-outs^ etc. 

* ADVANCED MATHEMATICS. 

Algebra. Symbols of various kinds. Fundamental Opera- 
tions. Use of Parentheses. Formulae. Factoring. Highest 
Common Factor. Least Common Multiple. Fractions. Simple 
Equations containing one or more unknown quantities. Limits 
and Inequalities. Involution. Evolution. Square and other 
roots. Exponents and Radicals. Quadratic Equations. Simul- 
taneous Equations. Ratio and Proportion. Arithmetical and 
Geometrical Progressions. Binomial Theorem. 

Geometry . Principles and Definitions. Lines and Points^ 

* This topic is optional and may be omitted if desired. 



44 AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 

Triangles. Quadrilaterals. Polygons. The Circle. Measure- 
ment of Angles, etc. Similar Figures. Areas and Measure- 
ments. 

Logarithms. Characteristic, mantissa, base, etc. 

Trigofiometry . Principles. Trigonometrical Functions and 
derivation of Formulae. Circular Measure. Calculation of 
heights and distances. Computation of Areas. 

MECHANICAL DRAWING. 

Instruments. Boards, T squares, compasses, triangles, rul- 
ing pens, scales, ink, etc. 

Lines and Surfaces. Simple lines. Laying out distances. 
Definition of Lines and Surfaces. Measurements of Lines, 
Angles, Surfaces and Solids. Drawing perpendicular and 
parallel lines. Dividing a line into equal parts. Tangents. 
Regular polygons. Divisions of a circle. Use and construc- 
tion of a scale. Tangential circles. Mouldings. 

Drawing. Ovals, Ellipses, Parabolas, etc. Projections of 
points, lines and planes. Projections of solids, prisms, cylin- 
ders, cones, spheres, etc. 

Lines of Light. Brilliant points and lines. Shades and 
shadows. 

Oblique Projections. Prisms and cylinders. 

Intersections. Intersections of surfaces, cones and prisms. 

Details of Iron Work. Step for vertical shaft. Piston rod 
gland. Ball joint. Cast shafting. Steam fittings. Screws 
and nuts. Laying out sheet metal work and gearing. Cams, 
hand tools, vises, etc. 

Machines. Pumps, Cams. Steam engine, Governors, etc. 

Shading and Tiriting. Colors. Lettering. 
Working Drawings. Drawing from sketches. Scale draw- 
ings. Details. Assembled drawings. 



LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEERING. 

GENERAL STUDIES. 

Arithmetic. ^ 

Algebraic Formulas and Hensuration. Foroutlineof these studies 
»/i 1- • ^ w * r see pages 22 to 25 

Mechanics and neat. I inclusive. 



! 



Chemistry and rietallurgy. 

CONSTRUCTION OF BOILERS. 

Materials, Description, uses, qualities and mechanical tests. 

Preparation of Plates. Punching, planing, drilling and 
shaping. 

Riveting. Shapes, sizes and specifications of rivets. Hand, 
steam and hydraulic riveting. Countersunk riveting. 

Riveted Joints. Lap, butt and combination. Single, double 
and treble riveting. Efficiences of riveted joints. Lap and 
pitch. Arrangement of plates and joints. Longitudinal and 
girth seams. Methods of connecting parallel plates and plates 
at right angles. Construction of v^ater leg. 

Stays. Plain stay rods and methods of connecting to plates. 
Diagonal and gusset stays. Short screw stay bolts. Girder 
and sling stays. 

Calking. Tools, good and bad shapes. 

Welded Joints. Advantages and disadvantages. 

Tubes and Tube Sheets. Punching and drilling. Expand- 
ing tubes in tube sheet. 

BOILER DESIGN. 

Requisites. Choice of type and size. 

Horse Power. Definition, etc. 

Requirements. General requirements of all boilers. 

Design of Multitubtilar Boiler. Calculation of grate area. 
Tables of rates of combustion and rates of evaporation for the 
common types. Size and number of tubes. Table of dimen- 
sions of lap welded boiler tubes. Design of steam, tube and 
water spaces. Dimensions of the boiler. Calculation of area 
of heating surface. Tables of ratios ; heating surface to grate 



46 AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 

surface ; grate surface to horse power ; heating surface to 
horse power ; and efficiencies of different sections of a cylin- 
drical boiler. Water level and end plate. 

Strength of Boilers. Formulas for longitudinal and trans- 
verse strength, for finding thickness and allowable pressures. 
Mathematical design of riveted joints. Table of lap joints 
giving dimensions and efficiencies. Arrangement of sections. 
Design and formulas for strength of flues. Calculation of 
strength of stays and area of supported surfaces. Uptake. 
Manholes and brackets. 

Chimneys. Formulas for calculation of size. Table of 
sizes and boiler horse powers. Brick and steel chimneys. 

TYPES OF BOILERS. 

History, Brief history of early forms of boilers. Develop- 
ment of modern boilers. 

Types. Choice of types for different conditions. 

Boilers. Description of plain cylindrical boilers. 

J^lue Boilers. Cornish, Lancashire and Galloway. 

Stationary Boilers. Multitubular and vertical. 

Steam Fire Engine Boilers. 

Locomotive Boilers. Locomotive boilers as stationary 
boilers. 

Marine Boilers. Return Tube and Through Tube boilers. 

Water Tube Boilers. Description, peculiarities and advan- 
tages of the Babcock and Wilcox, Elephant, Root, Almy, 
Heine, Sterling, Harrison, Cahall, Hazelton or Porcupine, 
Belleville, Yarrow, Thornycroft and Field boilers. 

BOILER ACCESSORIES. 

Furnaces, Grate bars, bridges, rocking grates. Smoke 
prevention. Down draft furnaces. Mechanical stokers. Fuel 
economizers. Special furnaces for wood, fluid fuels, etc. 
Natural and forced drafts. 

Valves and Cocks, Globe, angle, gate and check valves. 
Safety valves. Reducing valves. Blow off cocks and blow 
out valves. 

Water Gages, Try cocks, gage glasses and floats. 
Steam and Vacuum Gages, 



AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 47 



Fusible Plugs, Composition and position. 

Separators and Steam Traps. 

Feed Apparatus. Feed pumps and injectors. Feed water 
heaters. 

Surface and Jet Condensers. 

Man Holes and Hand Holes. Supports. 

Fifing and Fife Covering, Relative efficiencies. 

Boiler Setting. Tubular and water tube boilers. 

Cleaning and Inspection. 

Corrosion and Incrustation. 

Boiler Explosions. Causes, Effects, Methods of prevention. 

Firing. Laying and starting the fire. Methods of firing. 
Spreading, alternate and coking systems. Thickness of bed 
of coal on grate for forced and natural drafts. Tools used for 
the furnace. Cleaning the fire. Drawing and Banking. 

Cautions and Instructions. 

Boiler Tests. Methods of conducting. 

MACHINE DESIGN. 

Materials Used in Construction. Properties. Contraction 
and expansion of metals. Alloys. Strains in machines. 

Alachinc Drawing. Plans, elevations and sections. Work- 
ing drawings. Isometric and oblique projections. Assemoled 
drawings. 

Bolts and JVuts. Standard threads. Proportions. Conventional 
forms. Locking devices. Keys. Cotters and gibs. Split pins. 

Bearings. Design of pillow blocks. Brasses. Bearing 
pressures. Lubricants and oil cups. 

Couplings. Universal and knuckle joints. Couplings. 

Pedestals^ Brackets and Hangers. 

Gears. Cycloidal and involute curves. Laying out and 
calculation of proportions of teeth. Odontograph and templet. 
Cast and cut gears. Construction and proportion for strength. 
Rims, arms, hubs, etc. 

Cams and Ratchets. 

Pulleys. Belt, hemp and wire rope pulleys. Chains, hooks 
and chain drums. 

Pipes and Pipe Joint Connections. 

Frames for Engines and Machines. 



48 AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 

THE STEAM ENGINE. 

Early History. Hero's Engine. Pumping Engines for 
mines. Saver3''s Engine. Newcomen, Watt and Stevenson. 

Steam. General properties. Saturated and Superheated. 
Absolute temperatures and pressures. Sensible, Latent, Spe- 
cific and Total heats. Heat of vaporization. Laws of temper- 
ature and pressure. Use of steam expansivel3% Laws of 
expansion. 

'The Steam Engine. Parts of the simple engine with their 
functions. The cylinder, stuffing-box, piston, valves, cross- 
head, guides, connecting rod, crank, and fly wheel. Gov- 
ernors, bearings and lubrication. Condensing and non-con- 
densing engines. Condensers. 

Stationary Engines. High speed and low speed. Single 
and double acting. Horizontal and vertical. Simple, com- 
pound, triple and quadruple expansion engines. Receivers. 
Engines for mills, factories, pumping and electric lighting. 
Devices for econom}'. 

J(^ on- Stationary Engines. Locomotive engines. Marine 
engines. Advantages of vertical over horizontal engines. 
Side wheel and propeller engines. 

INDICATORS AND VALVE GEARS. 

Work. Watt's diagram of work. 

The Indicator. Watt's indicator. The Thompson, Tabor 
and Crosby Indicators. Methods of attaching. 

The Indicator Card. Its value to the engineer. The theo- 
retical card for a single cylinder engine. Distribution of steam 
in the cylinder. Clearance, admission, expansion, release and 
compression. Comparison of theoretical and actual indicator 
cards. Area of card. Methods of finding. Planimeter. Mean 
effective pressure. Indicated horse-power. Brakes. Brake 
horse power. Efficiency of engine. Cards for compound and 
triple expansion engines. 

The Plain Slide Valve. Description. Zeuner's valve dia- 
gram. Cut off, lap, lead, compression, etc. Piston valve and 
balanced valves. Valve setting. 



AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 49 

Eccentrics. Form and construction. Reversing apparatus. 
Link motion. Open and crossed rods. Stephenson, Gooch 
and Allen links. Marine and Locomotive link motions. Mar- 
shall and Joy valve gears. Cut off valves. Meyer valves. 
The Corliss engine. 

Governors. Fly wheel and centrifugal governors. 

DETAILS OF THE STEAM ENGINE. 

General Arrangement. Arrangement of parts of horizontal 
and vertical engines. Arrangement of cylinders in compound 
and triple expansion engines. 

The Cylinder. Requisites. Material used. Jacketed and 
unjacketed. Liners. Clearance volumes and ports. 

Piston. Forms. Packing rings. Hollow and cast steel 
pistons. Piston rod and methods of fastenmg. Velocit}^ of piston. 

Stuffi)ig Boxes. Glands. Hemp and metallic packing. Ad- 
justing packing. 

Crosshead and Slides. Forms of crosshead with two slides. 
Slipper crosshead. Lubrication. Pressure on slides. 

Connecting Rod. Sections. Rods for low and high speeds. 
Vertical and horizontal connecting rods. Forms of ends. 
Forked end. Brasses. Marine engine connecting rod. 

Cranks and Eccentric. Overhung cranks. Disc cranks. 
Double cranks. Built up cranks. The crank pin. Method of 
attaching cranks to shaft. Eccentric. Strap and sheaf. Eccen- 
tric rods. 

Reversing Gears. Stephenson links. Joy. Walschaert. 

Bearings. Pillow blocks. Brasses. 

Valves. Plain slide valve. Lap. Lead. Angular advance. 
Port openings. V^elocity of steam through ports. Piston valve. 
Expansion valves, etc. Valve rods. 

Governors, Centrifugal governors. Calculation of weight 
of balls. Fly wheel governors. Methods of attaching gov- 
ernors. Marine engine governors. 

Fly Wheels. Office of fly wheel. Centrifugal force. 

Lubrication. Oil cups. Cylinder lubrication. 

Pulley. Pulley for main shaft. Width of belt. 

Erames. Engine frames for vertical and horizontal engines. 



50 AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 



LOCOMOTIVE BOILERS AND ENGINES. 

The Boiler. Types. Straight top. Wagon top. Lentz. 
Belpaire. Wootten. Materials. 

The Fh-e-Box. Limits of size. Shape. Combustion 
chambers. Side sheets. Tube sheets. Crown sheets. Method 
of staying. Stay bolts, soHd, drilled, hollow. Crow^n bars, 
radial stays, Belpaire stays. Variations of expansion. Flex- 
ible stay bolts. Points of maximum breakage. Effects of 
length of tire-box. Brick arches. Water tables. 

Grates. Materials. Rocking. Water. Grates for anthra- 
cite, bituminous coal, wood. Ash pan. Dampers. Fuel. 
Combustion. Rate of combustion. 

Smoke Box. Exhaust nozzles. Petticoat pipe. Stack. 
Netting. Extension front. Cinder trap. Diaphragm. Stack, 
size, shape and position. ~ 

Boiler Fittings. Safety valves. Whistle. Steam gage. 
Water gages. Throttle valve. Dry pipe. Injectors. 

The Engine. Details of cylinder. Piston. Piston rod. 
Crosshead. Guides. Guide yoke. Connecting rods. Par- 
allel rods. 

Valve Motion. Stephenson Link. Eccentric. Eccentric 
rods. Link. Link hanger. Liftmg shaft. Reach rod. 
Reversing lever. Rocker arm. Valve rod. Slide valve, 
balanced, piston and Allen. Lap. Lead. Effects of same 
and variation to suit service. 

Running Gear. Driving wheels, centers, cranks, tires 
and materials. Counterbalancing. Method of fastening tires. 
Axles, materials, size and finish. Trucks, pony and four- 
wheeled. 

Types of Locomotives. Switching, four-wheeled, tank 
and tender. Eight wheeled. Single driver. Mogul. Colum- 
bian. Consolidation. Ten-wheeler. Decapod. 

Special Locomotives. Compound, two-cylinder, three- 
cylinder, four-cylinder. Logging. Geared. Rack-rail. 

Tender. Tank. Fuels. Capacity. Trucks. Frame. 
Engine connections. Oil boxes. 

Air Brake. Theory of operation. Straight air. Auto- 
n"iatic. The pump. Reservoir. Engineers' valve. Service 



AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 51 

application. Emergency application. High speed brake. 
Conductors' valve. Brake hose. Couplings. Triple valve. 
Passenger brake. Freight brake. Tender brake. Driver 
brakes. Track brake. Release. Bleeding. Leaking off. 
Running position. Testing. 

l^acnuvi Brake. Theory of operation. Ejector. Train 
connection. Diaphragms. Automatic. 

Ai?' Signals. Theory of action. Engine connections. 
Code. 

Signals. Position. Observance. Types. Pneumatic. 
Interlocking. Hall. Semaphores. Discs. Dwarf. Lights. 
Distance. Home. Cautionary. Absolute Block. Permissive. 
Flags. Torpedos. Whistle, hand and lantern signals. 

Running. Learning the road. Grades. Handling trains 
on grades, over ridges, through sags. Freight. Passenger. 
Switching. Making up time. Firing. Use of steam. Feed- 
ing the boiler. Making ready. End of run. Inspection. 
Cleaning. Repairs. 

Eyncrgcncics. Breaking down on the road. Temporary 
repairs. Delays of trains. 

Train Rules. American Railway Association code. Train 
rights. Time tables. 

Locomotive Specifications. 

ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM. 

Static Electricity . Phenomena of attraction and repulsion. 
Electroscope. Polarized bodies. Induction. Electrophorus. 
Location of charge. Conductors and Insulators. Electric 
Machines. Condensers. The Leyden Jar. Voltaic Elec- 
tricity. Chemical actions in voltaic cell. Various forms of 
cells, — Smee, Bi-chromate, Leclanche, Daniell, Grove, Grav- 
ity, Bunsen, etc. 

Mag7ictism. Natural Magnets. Temporary and Permanent 
Magnets. Armatures. Properties of Magnets. Lines of 
Magnetic Force. Retentivity. Terrestrial Magnetism. Dia- 
magnetism. Electrolysis. Electroplating. Electrotyping. 



52 AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 

Storage Batteries. Deflection of Magnetic Needle. Solenoids. 
Electromagnets. Induced Electricity. Primary and Secondary 
Coils. Induction Coils. Currents induced by currents and 
magnets. Thermo-Electricity. 

The Electric Currcfit. Ohm's Law and its application. 
Relation of current to electromotive force and resistance. The 
Ohm, Ampere, and Volt. Resistance of Wires, etc. Conduc- 
tance and Conductivity. Applications. Internal and External 
Resistance. Comparison of various batteries. Electrical 
Quantity. The Coulomb. Difference and Fall of Potential. 

Circuits. Series and Shunts. Parallel and Multiple arc* 
Laws of Shunts. Currents in Shunt Circuits. Back electro- 
motive force. Typical circuit. Methods of grouping cells for 
economy, current and quickest action. Heating effects. 
Energy lost. The Joule. Electric Energy and Power. The 
Watt. Horse power. Central Power Stations. Distribution 
of Electric Energy. Different Systems. High and Low 
Voltages, etc. 

DIRECT CURRENT MACHINERY. 

Dynamos. Physical Theory of Dynamo-Electric Machinery. 
Magnetic Lines of Force. Electromagnetic Induction. Pro- 
duction of a Current. Armature. Ring and Drum. Field 
Magnets. Series, Shunt and Compound winding and advan- 
tages of each. Curves. Ampere Turns. Separate and Self 
Excitation. Bipolar and Multipolar Dynamos. Output. Heat- 
ing. Sparking. Care and Operation. Torque. Back elec- 
tromotive Force. Hysteresis. Efficiency. Losses: Core, 
Field, Armature, Mechanical. Regulation of E. M. F. 
Closed and open windings. Commutators. Brushes. Journals. 
Materials used. Fuses. Testing. Horse Power. Installa- 
tion and Setting. 

Types. Edison, Brush, Thomson-Houston, General Electric, 
Westinghouse, Walker, Siemens-Halske, Crocker- Wheeler, 
Thomson-Ryan, Holtzer-Cabot, Wood, Western Electric, Ball, 
Excelsior, Standard, Fort Wayne, etc. 

Motors. Treatment similar to Dynamos. 



AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 53 



* ELECTRIC LIGHTING. 

Methods^ Source and History. 

Incandescent Lights. Construction and process of making. 
Methods of connecting. EIBciency. Watts required. Heat- 
ing. Life. 

Arc Lights. Principles. Method. Source. Details of 
Construction. Temperature. Candle Power. Efficiency. Car- 
bons. Wear of Carbons. Life. Feeding Mechanism of 
various kinds. Use of Alternating Currents. Distribution. 
Voltatres. Location. Installation. 

o 

Production of Ctirrcnt. Dynamos and Generators. Storage 
Batteries. Economy. Calculations. 

Poles and Fittings. Cross Arms. Pins. Insulators. Care 
of Lines. 

Street Lighting. Underground Distribution. Conduits. 
Manholes. Care and Maintenance. Poles and Fittings. Cross 
Arms. Pins. Insulators. Care of Lines. 

Use of Transformer. 

Systems. 

Wiring in Buildings, 

Cut-outs^ etc. 

* ADVANCED MATHEMATICS. 

Algebra. Symbols of various kinds. Fundamental Opera- 
tions. Use of Parentheses. Formulse. Factoring. Highest 
Common Factor. Least Common Multiple. Fractions. Simple 
Equations containing one or more unknown quantities. Limits 
and Inequalities. Involution. Evolution. Square and other 
roots. Exponents and Radicals. Qiiadratic Equations. Simul- 
taneous Equations. Ratio and Proportion. Arithmetical and 
Geometrical Progressions. Binomial Theorem. 

Geometry. Principles and Definitions. Lines and Points. 
Triangles. Quadrilaterals. Poh^gons. The Circle. Measure- 
ment of Angles, etc. Similar Figures. Areas and Measure- 
ments. 

Logarithms. Characteristic, mantissa, base, etc. 



* This topic is optional and may be omitted if desired. 



54 AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 

Trigonometry . Principles. Trigonometrical Functions and 
derivation of Formulas. Circular Measure. Calculation of 
heights and distances. Computation of Areas. 

MECHANICAL DRAWING. 

Instruments. Boards, T squares, compasses, triangles, rul- 
ing pens, scales, ink, etc. 

Lines and Surfaces. Simple lines. Laying out distances. 
Definition of Lines and Surfaces. Measurements of Lines, 
Angles, Surfaces and Solids. Drawing perpendicular and 
parallel lines. Dividing a line into equal parts. Tangents. 
Regular polygons. Divisions of a circle. Use and construc- 
tion of a scale. Tangential circles.. Mouldings. 

Drawing. Ovals, Ellipses, Parabolas, etc. Projections of 
points, lines and planes. Projections of solids, prisms, cylin- 
ders, cones, spheres, etc. 

Lines of Light. Brilliant points and lines. Shades and 
shadows. 

Oblique Projections. Prisms and cylinders. 

Intersections. Intersections of surfaces, cones and prisms. 

Details of Iron Work. Step for vertical shaft. Piston rod 
gland. Ball joint. Cast shafting. Steam fittings. Screws 
and nuts. Laying out sheet metal work and gearing. Cams, 
hand tools, vises, etc. 

Machines. Pumps, Cams, Steam engine. Governors, etc. 

Shading and Tinting. Colors. Lettering. 

Working Drawings. Drawing from sketches. Scale draw- 
ings. Details. Assembled drawings. 



ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING. 

GENERAL STUDIES. 

Arithmetic. ^ 

Algebraic Formulas and Hensuration. For outline of these studies 
r*i i_ • ^1-14. r see pages 22 to 25 

riechanics and Heat. [ inclusive. 

Chemistry and fletallurgy. J 

ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM. 

Static Electricity. Phenomena of attraction and repulsion. 
Electroscope. Polarized bodies. Induction. Electrophorus. 
Location of charge. Conductors and Insulators. Electric 
Machines. Condensers. The Leyden Jar. Voltaic Elec- 
tricity. Chemical actions in voltaic cell. Various forms of 
cells, — Smee, Bi-chromate, Leclanche, Daniell, Grove, Grav- 
ity, Bunsen, etc. 

Magnetism. Natural Magnets. Temporary and Permanent 
Magnets. Armatures. Properties of Magnets. Lines of 
Magnetic Force. Retentivity. Terrestrial Magnetism. Dia- 
magnetism. Electrolysis. Electroplating. Electrotyping. 
Storage Batteries. Deflection of Magnetic Needle. Solenoids. 
Electromagnets. Induced Electricity. Primary and Secondary 
Coils. Induction Coils. Currents induced by currents and 
magnets. Thermo-Electricity. 

The Electric Current. Ohm's Law and its application. 
Relation of current to electromotive force and resistance. The 
Ohm, Ampere, and Volt. Resistance of Wires, etc. Conduc- 
tance and Conductivity. Applications. Internal and External 
Resistance. Comparison of various batteries. Electrical 
Quantity. The Coulomb. Difference and Fall of Potential. 

Circuits. Series and Shunts. Parallel and Multiple arc. 
Laws of Shunts. Currents in Shunt Circuits. Back electro- 
motive force. Typical circuit. Methods of grouping cells for 
economy, current and quickest action. Heating effects. 
Energy lost. The Joule. Electric Energy and Power. The 
Watt. Horse power. Central Power Stations. Distribution 
of Electric Energy. Different Sj'stems. High and Low 
Voltages, etc. 



56 AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE, 

DIRECT CURRENT MACHINERY. 

Dynamos. Physical Theory of Dynamo-Electric Machinery. 
Magnetic Lines of Force. Electromagnetic Induction. Pro- 
duction of a Current. Armature. Ring and Drum. Field 
Magnets. Series, Shunt and Compound winding and advan- 
tages of each. Curves. Ampere Turns. Separate and Self 
Excitation. Bipolar and Multipolar Dynamos. Output. Heat- 
ing. Sparking. Care and Operation. Torque. Back elec- 
tromotive Force. Hysteresis. Efficiency. Losses: Core, Field, 
Armature, Mechanical. Regulation of E. M. F. Closed and 
open windings. Commutators. Brushes. Journals. Materials 
used. Fuses. Testing. Horse Power. Installation and Setting. 

Tyfes. Edison, Brush, Thomson-Houston, General Electric, 
Westinghouse, Walker, Siemens-Halske, Crocker- Wheeler, 
Thomson-Ryan, Holtzer-Cabot, Wood, Western Electric, Ball, 
Excelsior, Standard, Fort Wayne, etc. 

Motors. Treatment similar to Dynamos. 

ELECTRIC LIGHTING. 

Methods, Source and History. 

Incandescent Lights. Construction and process of making. 
Methods of connecting. Efficiency. Watts required. Heat- 
ing. Life. 

Arc Lights. Principles. Method. Source. Details of 
Construction. Temperature. Candle Power. Efficiency. Car- 
bons. Wear of Carbons. Life. Feeding Mechanism of 
various kinds. Use of Alternating Currents. Distribution. 
Voltages. Location. Installation. 

Production of Ciirrcjit. Dynamos and Generators. Storage 
Batteries. Economy. Calculations. 

Poles a7id Fittings . Cross Arms. Pins. Insulators. Care 
of Lines. 

Street Lighting. Underground Distribution. Conauits. 
Manholes. Care and Maintenance. Poles and Fittings. Cross 
Arms. Pins. Insulators. Care of Lines. 
Use of Transforfner, 

Systems. 

Wiring in Buildings. 
Cut-outs, etc. 



AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 57 

ELECTRIC RAIL^VAYS. 

Mot 07' s for Street Cars. 

St or a ore Batteries. 

Underground and Overhead Systems. Distribution. 

Rolling Stock. Types of Motors. Car Wiring. Trolleys. 
Controlling of Motors. Rheostatic and Series. Parallel Con- 
trollers. Fuses. Power required. Resistance to Tractive 
Force. Heating and Lighting Cars. 

Grades and Curves. 

The Power Station. Location and Operation. Production 
of Current. Economy. Use of Storage Batteries. 

Distrihtttion. Poles, Insulators, etc. Cut-out Boxes. Trolley 
Wires. Span Wires. Clips. Grade Wires. Power Wagons, 
etc. Switches and Cross-overs. Return Circuit. Rails. Bond- 
incr. Prevention of action on Gas and Water Mains. 

Track Laying. The T Rail. Turn-outs. Care and Main- 
tenance. 

Oferatio7i of Rolling Stock. 

ADVANCED MATHEMATICS. 

Algebra. Symbols of various kinds. Fundamental Opera- 
tions. Use of Parentheses. Formulae. Factoring. Highest 
Common Factor. Least Common Multiple. Fractions. Simple 
Equations containing one or more unknown quantities. Limits 
and Inequalities. Involution. Evolution. Square and other 
roots. Exponents and Radicals. Qiiadratic Equations. Simul- 
taneous Equations. Ratio and Proportion. Arithmetical and 
Geometrical Progressions. Binomial Theorem. 

Geometry. Principles and Definitions. Lines and Points. 
Triangles. Quadrilaterals. Polygons. The Circle. Measure- 
ment of Angles, etc. Similar Figures. Areas and Measure- 
ments. 

LogaritJims. Characteristic, mantissa, base, etc. 

Trigonometry . Principles. Trigonometrical Functions and 
derivation of Formulae. Circular Measure. Calculation of 
heights and distances. Computation of Areas. 



58 AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 

ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT. 

Absolute and Practical Units. The C. G. S. system. Funda* 
mental and Derived Units. 

Electrical Measuring Apparatus, Electrometers. Mag- 
netometers. Torsion and other Balances. Tangent*, Sine^ 
Astatic, Mirror, Suspended Coil, Differential, and Ballistic 
Galvonometers. Voltmeters and Amperemeters or Ammeters. 
Resistance Coils. Rheostats. Wheatstone Bridge and its 
various forms. Wattmeters. • 

ALTERNATING CURRENT MACHINERY. 

Generators. Cycle. Frequency. Coils. Fields. Winding. 
Multiphase Alternators. Prop*erties and Use of Current. 
E. M. F., and Effective Current. Excitation. Lag. Phase 
Difference. Armatures and Details. Torque. Synchronism. 
Slip. Armature Reaction. Installation. Setting. Faults. 
Management and Care. 

Motors. Similar treatment to Generators. 

Arrangement of Dynamo Machinery . Systems. 

Safety Devices^ Switchboards^ etc. 

Transformers. Construction. Efficiency. Forms. Use. 
Details. Economy. Sizes. Advantages. 

MECHANICAL DRAWING. 

Instruments. Boards, T squares, compasses, triangles, rul- 
ing pens, scales, ink, etc. 

Lines and Surfaces. Simple lines. Laying out distances. 
Definition of Lines and Surfaces. Measurements of Lines, 
Angles, Surfaces and Solids. Drawing perpendicular and 
parallel lines. Dividing a line into equal parts. Tangents. 
Regular polygons. Divisions of a circle. Use and construc- 
tion of a scale. Tangential circles. Mouldings. 

Drawing. Ovals, Ellipses, Parabolas, etc. Projections of 
points, lines and planes. Projections of solids, prisms, cylin- 
ders, cones, spheres, etc. 

Lines of Light. Brilliant points and lines. Shades and 
shadows. 

Oblique Projections. Prisms and cylinders. 



AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 5* 



Intersections. Intersections of surfaces, cones and prisms. 

Details of Iron Work. Step for vertical shaft. Piston rod 
gland. Ball joint. Cast shafting. Steam fittings. Screws 
and nuts. Laying out sheet metal work and gearing. Cams, 
hand tools, vises, etc. 

Machines. Pumps, Cams, Steam engine, Governors, etc. 

Shading and Tinting. Colors. Lettering. 

Working Drawings. Drawing from sketches. Scale draw- 
ings. Details. Assembled drawings. 



MECHANICAL ENGINEERING. 

For Machinists, Iron=Workers of all kinds, Pattern flakers, floulders, 

Draughtsmen, Etc. 

GENERAL STUDIES. 



Arithmetic. 

Algebraic Formulas and flensuration. 

Mechanics and Heat. 

Chemistry and fletallurgy. 



For outline of these studies 

see pages 22 to 25 

inclusive. 



CONSTRUCTION OF BOILERS. 

Materials. Description, uses, qualities and mechanical tests. 

Preparation of Plates, Punching, planing, drilling and 
shaping. 

Riveting. Shapes, sizes and specifications of rivets. Hand, 
steam and hydraulic riveting. Countersunk riveting. 

Riveted Joints. Lap, butt and combination. Single, double 
and treble riveting. Efficiences of riveted joints. Lap and 
pitch. Arrangement of plates and joints. Longitudinal and 
girth seams. Methods of connecting parallel plates and plates 
at right angles. Construction of water leg. 

Stays. Plain stay rods and methods of connecting to plates. 
Diagonal and gusset stays. Short screw stay bolts. Girder 
and sling stays. 

Calking. Tools, good and bad shapes. 

Welded Joints. Advantages and disadvantages. 

Tubes and Tube Sheets. Punching and drilling. Expand- 
ing tubes in tube sheet. 

BOILER DESIGN. 

Requisites . Choice of type and size. 

Horse Power. Definition, etc. 

Requirements. General requirements of all boilers. 

Design of Multitubular Boiler. Calculation of grate area. 
Tables of rates of combustion and rates of evaporation for the 
common types. Size and number of tubes. Table of dimen- 



AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 61 



sions of lap welded boiler tubes. Design of steam, tube and 
water spaces. Dimensions of the boiler. Calculation of area 
of heating surface. Tables of ratios ; heating surface to grate 
surface ; grate surface to horse power ; heating surface to 
horse power ; and efficiencies of different sections of a cylin- 
drical boiler. Water level and end plate. 

Strength of Boilers. Formulas for longitudinal and trans- 
verse strength, for finding thickness and allowable pressures. 
Mathematical design of riveted joints. Table of lap joints 
giving dimensions and efficiencies. Arrangement of sections. 
Design and formulas for strength of flues. Calculation of 
strength of stays and area oi supported surfaces. Uptake. 
Manholes and brackets. 

Chinnicys. Formulas for calculation of size. Table of 
sizes and boiler horse powers. Brick and steel chimneys. 

MACHINE DESIGN. 

Materials Used in Construction. Properties. Contraction 
and expansion of metals. Alloys. Strains in machines. 

Machine Drazving, Plans, elevations and sections. Work- 
ing drawings. Isometric and oblique projections. Assembled 
drawings. 

Bolts and JVuts. Standard threads. Proportions. Conventional 
forms. Locking devices. Keys. Cotters and gibs. Split pins. 

Bearings. Design of pillow blocks. Brasses. Bearing 
pressures. Lubricants and oil cups. 

Couplings. Universal and knuckle joints. Couplings. 

Pedestals^ Brackets and Hangers, 

Gears. Cycloidal and involute curves. Laying out and 
calculation of proportions of teeth. Odontograph and templet. 
Cast and cut gears. Construction and proportion for strength. 
Rims, arms, hubs, etc. 

Cams and Ratchets. 

Pnlleys. Belt, hemp and wire rope pulleys. Chains, hooks 
and chain drums. 

Pipes and Pipe Joint Connections. 

Frames for Engines and Machmes. 



.62 AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 

DETAILS OF THE STEAM ENGINE. 

General Arrangeme^it. Arrangement of parts of horizontal 
and vertical engines. Arrangement of cylinders in compound 
and triple expansion engines. * 

The Cylinder, Requisites. Material used. Jacketed and 
unjacketed. Liners. Clearance volumes and ports. 

Piston. Forms. Packing rings. Hollow and cast steel 
pistons. Piston rod and methods of f astemng. Velocity of piston. 

Stuffing Boxes, Glands. Hemp and metallic packing. Ad- 
justing packing. 

Crosshead and Slides. Forms of crosshead with two slides. 
Slipper crosshead. Lubrication. Pressure on slides. 

Connecting Rod. Sections. Rods for low and high speeds. 
Vertical and horizontal connecting rods. Forms of ends. 
Forked end. Brasses. Marine engine connecting rod. 

Cranks and Eccentric. Overhung cranks. Disc cranks. 
Double cranks. Built up cranks. The crank pin. Method of 
attaching cranks to shaft. Eccentric. Strap and sheaf. Eccen- 
tric rods. * 

Reversing Gears. Links and rods. 

Bearings. Pillow blocks. Brasses. 

Valves. Plain slide valve. Lap, Lead. Angular advance. 
Port openings. V^elocity of steam through ports. Piston valve. 
Expansion valves, etCo Valve rods. 

Governors. Centrifugal governors. Calculation of weight 
of balls. Fly wheel governors. Methods of attaching gov- 
ernors. Marine engine governors. 

Fly Wheels, Office of fly wheel. Centrifugal force. 

Lubrication, Oil cups. Cylinder lubrication. 

Pulley, Pulley for main shaft. Width of belt. 

Frames, Engine frames for vertical and horizontal engines. 

PATTERN MAKING. 

Selection of Wood. Kinds of wood used. Warping and 
twisting of wood. 

Tools. Saws, chisels, planes, gouges, squares, compasses, 
calipers, shrinkage-rule, etc. 



AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 63 



The Lathe. Head and tail stocks. Chucks, centres, hand- 
rest, etc. 

Turning Tools. \ Chisels, gouges, scrapers. 

Pattei'ns f7-om Drawings. 

Patterns.] Simple patterns of one piece. 

Patterns \ with Cores. Cores. When used. Core-box. 
Fastening'parts of patterns together. Pegs. 

Bench ^^ Work. \\'L,'d.-y\wg^ out work. Tools. Bench-hook, 
mitre-box. Mortice, tenon, dove-tail joints, etc. 

Patterns. ,'^ Face plate, engine crank, T joints, pipe bends, 
elbows. Wheels and pulleys. Valves. Pillow blocks and 
bearings. Columns. Cores for Columns. Ornamental columns. 

Patterns. Thin ornamental work. Engine cylinder. 

Patterns. Gears, spur, bevel and worm. Pinions. Cogging. 

Machines. Drills, jig-saw, circular saw, band saw, etc. 

Finishing Patterns. Sand paper, wax and files. Glue. 
Shellac, paint and varnish. 

FOUNDRY WORK. 

The Foundry. 

Tools. Flasks or boxes. 

Moulding Sand. Green sand, loam, dry sand, and core 
sand. 

Mouldings. Without patterns and from simple patterns in 
one piece. 

Cores. Core making. Baking. 

Moulding. Moulding with cores and in parts. 

Dry Sand Moulding. Moulding steam engine cylinder. 
Core for cylinder jacket. Liners. 

Green Sand Mouldings. Square, rectangular and round 
columns. Mouldmg gears from full and from partial patterns. 
Moulding pipes, wheels, pulleys, etc. 

Metals for Casting. Contracting and cracking of castings. 
Shrinkage of metals. Mixing metals. 

Casting. Melting, pouring, etc. 

Chilled Castinors. 

Clea?i ino Castifi ^s . 



6i AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 

FORGING. 

The Shop. 

Forge. Brickwork. Iron stand. Water tank, draft, hood^ 
etc. 

The Fire. Coal. Building and keeping the fire. 

Tool Bench. Tools. Table and vise. 

Anvil. Anvil tools. Hammer, tongs, hot, cold and square 
chisels, punch, set hammer, cupping tool. Top and bottom 
swage, side swage, spring swage. The fuller and flatter. 
Anvil core. Fork for bending. Fuller for offset work. Nut 
swage and heading tool. 

Iro7i and Steel. 

Forging. Heating, shaping and finishing. 

Forging. Square, round, half round and hexagonal bar. 
Staples, hooks, bolts, nuts, eyes, wrenches, hammer-heads, etc. 

Welding. Scarfing, welding heat. Welding steel. Weld- 
ing with and without borax. 

Forging. Tongs, rings, chains, etc. 

Tempering. Heating, colors, quenching. Tempering centre 
punch, chisels, etc. Forging and tempering lathe tools. 

MACHINE SHOP WORK. * 

Tools for Bench Work. The vise and vise-clamps. Shapes 
and uses of chisels. Hammers. Calipers. Square. Centre 
punch. Scribing block. Files. Scrapers. Hack saw. 

Bench and Vise Work. Chipping with chisels. Filing. 
Fitting. Sliding fit. Scraping and scraped surfaces. Surface 
plate. Refitting. Fitting cylinders and connecting rod. 

Tool Grindifig. Emery wheel and uses. Grindstone. 
Treatment of grindstone. Grindstone for curved and flat 
surfaces. Making grindstone true. Accurate grinding. Dry 
and wet grinding. Positions of tools on the grindstone. The 
feather edge. The oil stove. 

Laying Out Work. Importance of accuracy. Principles^ 
Requisites of a marker. Tools used. Preliminary examina- 
tion of stock. Principles of plane geometry. Centre punch 
marks. Marking out an ellipse. Lining out material for 



AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 65 

scribing block. Lining out engine crank. Eccentirc rod. 
Cylinder valve and ports. Valve seats. Cone pulley. 

Tool Steel. Forging tools. Tempering tools for machine 
shop. Hardening. Annealing. Alloys. Table of composi- 
tion of brass, bell metal, babbitt and solders. 

The Lathe. Importance in the machine shop. Description. 
Parts and uses. Power and change of speed. 

Lathe Tools. Forms and uses of the principal cutting tools. 
Strain and rake of tools. Angles for cutting and scraping. 
Tools for various materials. 

Turning. Placing tools in lathe. Cutting speed. Feed. 
Speed and feed for various work and materials. Table of cut- 
ting speeds and feeds. Depths of cuts for metals. 

Boi'ing. Boring tools for lathe work. Pressure on cutting 
edge. Top rake. Boring tools for different materials. 

Screw Cutting. Shape of tools. Setting gears for different 
pitches. Cutting V threads. Tool for cutting outside and inside 
V threads. Cutting square threads. Standard threads. Test- 
ing pitch and angles. Screw-cutting lathes, single and double 
geared. 

Lathe Dogs., Chucks^ etc. Bent tailed dogs, and clamp dog. 
Drivers. Mandrils and arbors. Centering lathe work. Drill 
and countersink. Recentering work. Chucks. Classes and 
uses. Two, three, and four jawed chucks. 

Turning. Cranks and eccentrics. Pistons, piston rods and 
piston rings. 

Hand Turning. Chucking. Roughing out. The graver. 
The heel tool. Scrapers. Brass work. 

Drilling in Lathe. Bits. Drill holder. Reamer. Grinding a 
reamer. Adjustable reamer. Boring bars. Use. 

Milling. Milling machine. Importance. Work done by 
milling machine. Cutters. Cutting out a corrugated surface. 
Milling tools for cutting threads or taps. 

Tafs and Dies. Forging taps. The nut tap. Tapers of taps. 
Cutting threads. English and U. S. standard threads. Dies* 
Adjustable dies. Dies for hand stocks. 

Machine Tools. Lathes. Cutting-off machmes. 



66 AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 

The Drill Press. Types. Range of use. Size. Descrip- 
tion of simple machine. Description of Universal machine. 
Drills, flat and twist. Drill shanks, taper and square.. 

The Shafer, Uses. Description. Tools. 

The Planer. Types. Description. Tools. Methods of 
holding work. The plate machine. The walking machine. 

The Grinding Machine. Uses, Description of the Univer- 
sal Grinder. Accuracy of work done. Finish. Speed. 

* ADVANCED MATHEMATICS. 

Algebra. Symbols of various kinds. Fundamental Opera- 
tions. Use of Parentheses. Formulae. Factoring. Highest 
Common Factor. Least Common Multiple. Fractions. Simple 
Equations containing one or more unknown quantities. Limits 
and Inequalities. Involution. Evolution. Square and other 
roots. Exponents and Radicals. Quadratic Equations. Simul- 
taneous Equations. Ratio and Proportion. Arithmetical and 
Geometrical Progressions. Binomial Theorem. 

Geometry. Principles and Definitions. Lines and Points. 
Triangles. Quadrilaterals. Polygons. The Circle. Measure- 
ment of Angles, etc. Similar Figures. Areas and Measure- 
ments. 

Logarithms. Characteristic, mantissa, base, etc. 

Trigonometry . Principles. Trigonometrical Functions and 
derivation of Formulae. Circular Measure. Calculation of 
heights and distances. Computation of Areas. 

MECHANICAL DRAWING. 

Instruments. Boards, T squares, compasses, triangles, rul- 
ing pens, scales, ink, etc. 

JLines and Surfaces. Simple lines. Laying out distances. 
Definition of Lines and Surfaces. Measurements of Lines, 
Angles, Surfaces and Solids. Drawing perpendicular and 
parallel lines. Dividing a line into equal parts. Tangents. 
Regular polygons. Divisions of a circle. Use and construc- 
tion of a scale. Tangential circles. Mouldings. 

* This topic is optional and may be omitted if desired. 



AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE. 67 

Drazuing. Ovals, Ellipses, Parabolas, etc. Projections of 
points, lines and planes. Projections of solids, prisms, cylin- 
ders, cones, spheres, etc. 

Lines of Light. Brilliant points and lines. Shades and 
shadows. 

Oblique Projections. Prisms and cylinders. 

Intersections. Intersections of surfaces, cones and prisms. 

Details of Iron Work. Step for vertical shaft. Piston rod 
gland. Ball joint. Cast shafting. Steam fittings. Screws 
and nuts. Laying out sheet metal work and gearing. Cams, 
hand tools, vises, etc. 

Machines. Pumps, Cams, Steam engine, Governors, etc. 

Shading and Tinting. Colors. Lettering. 

Working Drawings. Drawing from sketches. Scale draw- 
ings. Details. Assembled drawings. 



The following pages are taken at random 
from Instruction Papers in the different 
Courses and will indicate how clear and 
comprehensive the work is made for the 
student. 



ARITHMETIC. 11 



SUBTRACTION. 

23. Subtraction is the process of finding how great is the 
difference between two numbers. 

24. The number from which another is to be taken is called 
the riinuend. 

25. The number to be taken away from the minuend is 
called the Subtrahend. 

26. The number left after taking the subtrahend from the 
minuend is called the Difference or Remainder. 

27. The sign of subtraction is — and reads minus. It 
means less. If we wish to subtract 9 from 11, we write 11 — 9. 
We read this, eleven minus nine. Eleven is the minuend and 
nine is the subtrahend. 

28. Illustrative example. Subtract 2,437 from 7,549. 

Minuend 7,549 
Subtrahend 2,437 



Remainder 5,112 Ans. 
The process is begun with the right hand column, thus : the 
7 is subtracted from the 9 leaving the 2, then 3 is taken from 4 
leaving 1, then 4 from 5 giving another 1, and then the 2 from 
the 7 leaving 5. 

29. Sometimes, however, the figures of the subtrahend are 
larger than those of the minuend. We then borrow one of the 
preceding units to increase the following one by ten. 
For example, subtract 7,856 from 9,754. 

9,754 
7,856 



1,898 
Here we see that the 6 is greater than the 4, so we take one 
from the 5, leaving it 4. This adds ten to the 4, because the 5 
is in the place preceding it. Thus the 4 becomes 14, and we may 
subtract the 6, which gives us the 8, a part of our answer. 
As we have taken one from the 5 it is now only 4, and we must 
take one from the 7 to increase it. Thus it becomes 14, and we 
may subtract the 5 beneath it. This gives us the 9. The 7 in 
the minuend is now a 6, and in order to increase it we take one 



MENSURATION. 



29 



FRUSTRUMS OF PYRAHIDS OR CONES. 




81 . If the top of a pyramid or cone is cut off 
by a plane parallel to the base, the lower part is 
called a Frustrum of the pyi*amid or cone. The 
upper end of a frustrum is called the upper base, 
the lower end, the lower base. 



82. The Altitude is the perpendicular distance between the 
bases. 

83. To find the convex surface of a frustrum of a pyramid or 
cone : multiply one-half the sum of the two perimeters by the 
slant height of the frustrum. To illustrate take the following 
examples : 

The lower base of a frustrum of a square pyramid measures 
12 inches on each side. The upper base 4 inches on each side. 
The slant height is 7 inches. What is the convex surface ? 

Perimeter of lower base ^4x12 or 48 inches. Perimeter of 
upper base ^ 4x4 or 16 inches. One-half the sum of the peri- 



meters is, therefore, 



48 + 16 



or 32 inches. Hence the convex 



surface is 32 X 7 or 224 square inches. 

A frustrum of a cone has a diameter of 12 inches for its lower 
base, and a diameter of 8 inches for the upper base. The slant 
height is 4 inches. 

The perimeter of the lower base is 37.699 inches. 
The perimeter of the upper base is 25.133 inches. 
One-half the sum of the perimeters is 31.416 inches. 
Hence the convex surface is 31.416 X 4 or 125.664 square 
inches. 

Note. If the entire surface is wanted, we add to this the areas 
of the bases, thus : 

1 25.664 square inches convex surface. 
113.100 square inches area of lower base. 
50.266 square inches area of upper base. 



289.030 square inches entire surface. Ans. 



MECHANICS. 



53 



THE WEDGE. 



A Wedge is a movable inclined plane in whicli the power 
usually acts parallel to the base. It is used for moving great 
weights short distances, and the law is the same as for the corre- 
sponding inclined plane. A common method for moving bodies is 
to place two similar wedges as in Fig. 33 with their 
thin ends overlapping under the load, simultaneous 
blows of approximately equal force being struck 
upon their heads. In this case the same force must 
be used upon each wedge as though only one were 
used. But since the power is double and as the 
weight remains the same, the distance the body is 
moved is twice as great as if there were but one 
wedge. Another common use of the wedge is for 
splitting timber, as is illustrated in Fig. 32. The 
longer the wedge for a given thickness the greater 
the gain in intensity of power. 

Let ABC, Fig. 34, represent a wedge, F the force against which 
it acts, and R the reaction equal to the force F. Suppose now that 
a blow is struck against BC so that the wedge is driven in a dis- 
tance equal to the distance between the two dotted lines. The 





Fig. 33. 




force F is then opposed through a distance equal to the difference 
in height of the dotted lines. If the distance between the dotted 
lines is 1 inch and the difference in the height of the dotted lines 
I of an inch, the blow required to push the wedge in must be 
slightly greater than | of the force F, that is, the force F is not 



CHEMISTRY. 15 



A Radical is an atom, or group of atoms, which changes place 
in a reaction, thus : 2HC1 + Zn = ZnClg + Hg. The zinc is 
a radical and has changed places with the hydrogen. 

A Compound Radical is a radical made up of two or more 
atoms. For instance ammonium (NH^) might act as the zinc 
did in the above illustration. 

A Basic Radical is a metal, or compound radical behaving 
like a metal. For example: Zn and NH^. NH^ does not exist 
in a free state. NHg does and is called ammonia. It is a gas 
soluble in water. 

A Hydrate is a substance formed from water by replacing 
half of the hydrogen of the water by a radical. For example : 
2H2 O + Na2 = 2NaOH + H2. 

If a h3'drate is formed by a basic radical, the hydrate is called 
a base. For example : Zn02 H2. 

An Alkali is a soluble base, such as NaOH. 

An Acid is a compound of hydrogen such that the hydrogen 
may be replaced by a basic radical. For instance, in the reaction, 
2HC1 + Zn ^ ZnCl2 + H2. In this reaction the hydrogen of 
hydi'ochloric acid is replaced by the basic radical zinc. 

A Salt is a substance formed from an acid by replacing its 
hydrogen by a radical. Thus in the above reaction the ZnCl.^is a 
salt. 

An Acid Salt is a salt formed from an acid by replacing only 
a part of the hydrogen. Thus: 2NaCl + HgSO^ = NaHSO^ 
+ HCl + NaCl. 

The following is the nomenclature of salts : — 

HCl (hydrochloric acid) forms chlorides. 

HXO3 (nitric acid) forms nitrates. 

H2SO4 (sulphuric acid) forms sulphates. 

HgS (hydrogen sulphide) forms sulphides. 

Kg CO 3 (carbonic acid) forms carbonates. 

HgO (water) forms hydrates. 

HgSiO^ (silicic acid) forms silicates. 

H3PO4 (phosphoric acid) forms phosphates. 

The basicity of a substance is measured by the amount of 
hydrogen which it contains, that may be replaced by a radicaL 



METALLURGY. 



57 



THE BESSEITER PROCESS. 

By this process steel is made from pig iron by burning out the 
foreign substances and replacing the necessary amounts of carbon 
and manganese. These foreign substances and carbon, silicon and 
manganese, are burned out by blowing a blast of cold air through 
the molten pig. The necessary amounts of carbon and man- 
ganese are replaced by mixing the right amount of Spiegel with 
the molten pig. 

The process is carried on, not in a furnace but in a vessel 
called a converter. This name is obtained from the name of the 
process of burning out the impurities, which is called converting. 




Fig. 6. 
There are several forms of converters. Fig. 6 shows a con- 
centric converter. It is round with a flat bottom. It is filled and 
emptied at the nose A. The current of cold air enters through 
the pipe C, and passes through the trunnion T. It enters the con- 
verter from tlie wind-box B, passing through the tuyeres F. The 
tuyeres are from 24 to 28 inches long and have 19 holes ^^g inches 



METALLURGY. 



SPECIAL STEELS. 

Nickel Steel. Nickel Steel is made by adding metalic nickel, 
nickel ore, or ferro-nickel, to the bath of the open hearth process. 
The nickel increases its density, elasticity and strength. This 
steel is used for armour plate on account of these qualities and 
also because it does not corrode. Nickel steel contains about 4 % 
nickel, .3% carbon, .7% manganese and .02% phosphorus. For 
such uses as shafts, axles, etc., the high elastic limit of nickel steel 
tends to prolong indefinitely the life of the piece, and because of 
its superior toughness, offers greater resistance to sadden strains 
and shocks. 

Aluminum Steel. From .05% to .1% aluminum in steel cast- 
ings reduces the melting pointy prevents blow holes and keeps the 
metal liquid while being poured. Aluminum gives no increase of 
hardness. 

Chrome Steel. If chromite is smelted in brasque crucibles 
with charcoal, the result, ferro-chrome, which has 40 % chrome and 
48 % iron, is used in making chrome steel by melting it with bar 
iron in crucibles. Chrome, like manganese, hardens iron. It also 
makes it more forgeable. It is used on account of its hardness 
for burglar proof safes, but it is not entirely satisfactory and other 
steels are fast driving it out. It has about the following composi- 
tion : Chromium, .3% to .5% ; carbon, .5% to .9%. 

rianganese Steel. Manganese Steel is an alloy of iron and 
manganese, containing a considerable proportion of carbon. ' If 
there is a very small portion of manganese, the effect is slight. 
As the proportion of manganese rises above 2.5% the strength 
and ductibility diminish while the hardness increases. This 
hardening effect is maximum with about 6 % manganese. Above 
this the strength and ductility both increase, while the hardness 
diminishes slightly. At about 14% manganese, the maximum 
of both ductility and strength is reached and the metal is so hard 
that it is difficult to cut Avith steel tools. It welds with great 
difficulty but it can be forged. Its toughness increases by quench- 
ing from a yellow heat. It has a remarkable combination of great 
hardness, which cannot be lessened by annealing, great tensile 
strength, toughness and ductility. The fact that it cannot be 



CONSTRUCTION OF BOILERS. 



RIVETED JOINTS. 

There are various forms and strengths of riveted joints. It 
is obvious that in punching, or drilling, a plate is weakened to the 
extent of the sectional area cut out, and that if the holes are 
punched the metal between the holes is weakened. In treating 
the strength of a joint it is customary to speak of it as a percent- 
age of the strength of an unpunched plate. 

If one plate overlaps another and is riveted to it, it is called 
a lap joint. This joint has about 56% of the strength of a solid 
plate. If another row of rivets is added, it is called a double 
riveted lap joint as shown in Fig. 3, and has a strength of about 

70%. 




Fig. 3. 



If the two plates are kept in the same plane and a cover or 
butt strap riveted on, it is called butt riveting. Fig. 4, in which 



52 CONSTRUCTION OF BOILERS. 

23. What two ways are tubes fastened to the tube sheet? 

24. Name some of the considerations that must be kept in 
mind when designing a boiler. 

25. Upon what does the choice of type depend? 

26. How many B. T. U. in a boiler horse-power? 

27. Name four general requirements that a boiler must have ? 

28. What is wire-drawing ? 

29. Why is the length of a grate limited ? 

30. Which is the more economical a slow or quick rate of 
combustion? (Other conditions the same). 

31. If the boiler is to supply steam to a high speed engine, 
should the steam space be larger or smaller than if to a low speed 
engine ? 

32. How do you find the volume of the steam space per 
H. P. per hour knowing the amount of coal consumed per H. P. 
per hour and the working pressure. 

33. About what fraction of the volume of a multitubular 
boiler is the steam space ? 

34. About what is the ratio of length to diameter of the 
above type of boiler ? 

35. If in designing a boiler, the ratio of heating surface to 
grate surface is found to be too small how may it he altered ? 

36. Why do some portions of a boiler evaporate more water 
than others ? What portion is the most efficient ? 

37. Is the greatest tendency to rupture along the longitu- 
dinal or the circumferential seams ? 

38. What is the thickness of the shell of a boiler if the 
diameter is 60", the steam pressure 70 pounds per square inch, 
the joint has an efficiency of .68 and the Avorking strength of the 
metal 9000 pounds per square inch ? The working strength 
equals the breaking strength S, divided by f . Using the formula 

t = — E Ans. I inches. 

2SE ^ 

39. Find the allowable pressure, if the above conditions are 
the same, with the exception of t, which is i inch. 

Ans. 102 pounds per square inch. 

40. If the rivet is 1 inch in diameter what would you make 
the pitch, if single riveted lap joint ? 

XoTE. The above page is one taken from the examination paper on Con- 
struction of Boilers. 



26 



TYPES OF BOILERS 



These boilers have gauges, hand-holes, safety valves, etc., the 
same as fire tube boilers. They are well adapted for use over 
puddling and blast furnaces, where the waste gases are used as 
fuel, and have also been used successfully in rolHng mills, where 
the work is heavy and irregular. 

The Root Water Tube Boiler, Fig. 22, is similar to the Bab- 
cock and Wilcox. It is composed of four inch wrought iron, lap 




Eoot Water Tube Boiler. Fior. 22. 



welded tubes, expanded in pairs, as shown in A, Fig. 23, into 
cast iron headers at both ends. These pairs are placed one on the 
other, forming a vertical section, as in Fig. B. Each tube is con 
nected to one in the pair above it by a flexible bend, by means of 
which a perfect and uninterrupted circulation of water from the 
bottom to the top of the section is obtained. To form the boiler, 
several of these vertical sections are placed side by side ; a metallic 
packing ring insuring a tight joint between the bend and the 
header, as shown in detail in Figs. D, E and F. The tubes in 
the vertical section are staggered, while the pairs or packages are 
so arranged that they are not rigid, for it is well known that the 



TYPES OF BOILERS. 



27 



lower tubes being nearer the fire will expand more than those 
above. 

Each section has its own overhead drum, to receive its 
discharge of water and steam. At the rear of the boiler and at 
the end of the overhead drum, there is a vertical pipe leading to a 
drum beneath, which lies at right angles to the tubes and serves as a 
common reservoir for all the sections. Into this drum the feed 
water enters and meets the hot water from above. The mixinor of 
the water causes a sufficiently high temperature to prevent any 
trouble from unequal expansion. 
This cross drum is also con- 
nected by vertical pipes to 
another drum below and parallel 
to it, which is the mud drum. 
From the cross feed drum, the 
mixture of circulating and feed 
water descends through the large 
vertical pipes to the mud drum 
beneath. After leavincf the solid 
impurities, the clear water rises 
to the top of the mud drum and 
flows into the extreme lower end 
of each vertical section of water 
tubes. In these tubes, which 
are in contact with the hot gases 
from the fire, the water is heated 
hotter and hotter as it rises to 
the upper ends. The water, 
filled with bubbles of steam, 
passes from the tubes to the 
overhead drums, where the steam 
and water are separated ; the steam going to a common steam drum 
at right angles to these drums and the water descending to meet 
the feed water. Dry steam is drawn from the steam drum; the 
water line being at about the middle of the steam and water drums. 

The method of conducting tlie gases from the fire is practi- 
cally the same as in the Babcock and Wilcox boiler. They pass 
among the tubes three times before escaping to the chimney. 




40 



TYPES OF BOILERS. 



curved portions take up the expansion. Other methods have 
strengthening rings and expansion joints, the flue being made in 
sections as in the Cornish boiler. 

The rear ends of the furnace flues open into the combustion 




chamber, in which the gases from the furnaces are completely- 
burned. Each flue may have its combustion chamber or two flues 
and more may open into the same one. A three flue boiler usually 
has three combustion chambers, while a four furnace boiler has 



TYPES OF BOILERS. 



41 



two, into each one of which two flues lead. Fire tubes connect 
the front plate of the combustion chamber with the front head of 
the boiler, and are made small to provide a large heating surface 




Transverse Section Scotch Marine Boiler. Eig. 35. 
within a small space. The grate bars divide the flue into two parts, 
the top being occupied by the fire and the lower part by the ash 




Fiff. 36. 
pit. The backs of the furnaces are formed of fire brick bridges. 
The steam space is the portion above the water line as in a multi- 



ELECTRICITY. 



IT 



The Potassium Di-chromate Cell has the zinc plate hung^ 
between two carbon plates. The solution of 
potassium cli-chromate and dilute sulphuric acid 
is used. This cell is very convenient; it is 
readily charged and dismounted and furnishes a 
powerful current for a short time. Its chief 
defect is the formation of zinc sulphate in the 
proximity of the zinc plate wliich after a time 
prevents further action of the sulphuric acid on. 
the zinc. When not in use the zinc plate should 
be raised out of the solution by the sliding rod A. 

The Leclanche Cell consists of a zinc rod 
Fig. '13. and a porous earthen- ware cup containing the 

carbon plate. The second metal plate is replaced by a cup whick 
is filled with fragments of carbon and powdered 
peroxide of manganese. The manganese per- 
oxide prevents polarization by oxidizing the 
bubbles of hydrogen. The porous cup may be 
dispensed with if the manganese peroxide is 
applied to the face of the carbon. The liquid 
used is a solution of ammonium chloride (Sal- 
amoniac) in water. Its principal use is for 
working telephones, electric bells, etc. When 
not in use it should be left on open circuit. 





Fig. 14. 



^ 



The Daniell Cell has a copper plate immersed in a saturated 

solution of copper sulphate (blue vitriol) and a zinc plate immersed 

in dilute sulphuric acid or a solution of zinc 

sulphate (white vitriol). Sometimes one of 

the liquids is contained in a porous cup placed 

in the other liquid. The solution of copper 

sulphate is kept saturated by cr3^stals of copper 

sulphate placed in the solution. The current 

from this cell is nearly constant. Polarization 

^^__^^^^^ is avoided by the copper being deposited, 

!'•<'• )•"'• instead of hydrogen, upon the copper plate^ 

When not iu use it should be kept on closed circuit. 




MECHANICAL DRAWING. 



LESSON X. 
The Study of Projections. 

When designing any object such as a jnece of machinery it is 
necessary that several representations of it should be (h-awn in order 
that, by knowing exactly all of its dimensions, we may be able to 
reproduce it ; these various views are generally known affront and 
side elevations and plans, and are end)ra<,'ed under the general 
term oi projections. 

The object of the study of projections is to enable one to make 
an exact representation on paper of the several dimensions of a 
body as they appear on its various sides. 

It is convenient to make the projections of any body what- 
soever, upon two principal planes, one of which is called the Jiori- 
zontal plane and the other the vertical plane. These two planes 
are also called geometrical planes or planes of project ioi. 

The line of intersection which separates these two planes is 
known as the base line; this line is always horizontal and in 
designing we invariably suppose it to be parallel to one of the 
sides of the paper. 

As it is important to thoroughly understand the elementary 
principles of descriptive geometry in order to design all sorts of 
objects of predetermined contours, we think that it will be useful 
to enter somewhat into the details, explanatory of this subject by 
beginning at first with the projections of a point and of a line. 

Elementary Principles. (Plate X). 

Projections of a Point. (Figs. 1 and 2, Plate X), Let 
^V B C D be a horizontal plane representing, for example, the 
table upon which we are drawing, or if it is necessary the surface 
of a floor. Also let A B E F be a vertical plane which may be 
conceived as representing the wall rising from the floor ; the 
straight line AB which is the intersection of these two planes, is 
the base line. Let it be desired to represent upon the drawing 
any point O, situated in space. 

If from this point O we imagine a perpendicular Oo let fall 
upon the horizontal plane, the point of intersection o or the foot 
of this perpendicular is what is conventionally called the hori- 
zontal projection of the given point. 



MECHANICAL DRAWING 









CO 




<> 


CN 


o C 


Q 




o 






a 



MECHANICAL DRAWING. 





J 



vl 



I I 




=.J 





1 



f 




SCALE 2=l' 



± ^ N^ 



^ 



u 




T 





MECHANICAL DRAWING. 



FIG. 39. 




F I C. 40. 




F I C. 41. 



F I C. 43. 




EXTRACTS FROM LETTERS. 



W. T. WHEELER, Nat'l Vice Pres. N. A. S. E., New York, says : — 

-" The instruction given is very complete and must greatly aid all who avail themselves of us bene- 
fits. * * » * * No expense or trouble is being spared to make the American School of Correspondence the 
leading mechanical correspondence school of the world, and I cordially and heartily recommend it to 
brother engineers." 

B. C. MILLER, Pres. N. A. S. E., No. 50, Buffalo, N. Y., says : — 

'♦ I take pleasure in stating that I believe the work and method of the American School of Corre- 
spondence far surpasses that of any other correspondence school." 

O. S. MARSHALL, Springfield, Vt., says : — 

" I wish to express my satisfaction at the closeness of your work in correcting my last examination 

f taper and the prompt return of same. ***** i feel it is of utmost value to have a course which is sys- 
ematic, up to date, clear and comprehensive." 

P. BRENNAN, Chief Engineer Pumping Station, Buffalo, N. Y., says : — 

" One can make no mistake in following the guidance of such noted men as George L. Fowler and 

the other professors who are at the head of the American School of Correspondence." 

THOMAS J. LENNON, Past Pres. International Assn. of Machinists, Albany, N. Y., says:— 

" I most heartily recommend this School ***** for in my opinion the American School of Corre- 
spondence far surpasses all other correspondence schools in the courses it teaches." 

ED. BARBIN, Machinist New York Central Repair Shops, Albany, N. Y., says : — 

" Having examined the course of instruction given by the American School of Correspondence, and 

those of another similar school, with a representative of each school present to explain the methods of 
their respective schools, I have become a member of the American School of Correspondence in prefer- 
ence to all others." 

JOHN HUTCHINSON and W. F. CHAPMAN, Engineers Springfield Provision Co., 

Springfield, Mass., say : — 
" Prompt attention is given our papers and questions and the instrnction is comprehensive." 

O. J. HALLENBECK, Past Pres. N. A. S. E., Albany, N. Y., says : — 

** After examining several correspondence schools, their methods and instruction papers, I do not 

hesitate to say that those of the American School of Correspondence are the best I have ever seen." 

E. E. CLOCK, State Deputy Pres. N. A. S. E., Passaic, N. J., says : — 

" Your list of instructors includes some of the best known practical and theoretical men of the 

day." , 

F. W. JOHNSON, Sec'y N. A. S. E. No. 2, Paterson, N. J., says : — 

" I can sincerely recommend it to any one desiring an education in any of it0 courses." 

H. O. HINKSON, M. E. Ashton Valve Co., Boston, Mass., says: — 

" Have been a student in your school several months. Would advise my friends to Join." 

GEO. H. HOLMES, Holmes' Gear Works— Holmes' Water Wheel, Gardiner, Me., says : — 

"The American School of Correspondence presents a number of features in advance of other 

schools." 

R. A. MOW ATT, Steam and Designing Engineer, Boston, Mass., says : — 

*' I gladly recommend the American School of Correspondence to any of my associates looking for 

an opportunity to perfect their theoretical education along the line of Electrical or Steam Engineering." 

GEO. W. WEST, Supt. Motive Power, N. Y., Ontario & Western R. R., Middleton, N. Y,, 

says : — 
" I can endorse the American School of Oorrespondence as an institution of gr 



H. W. SEARLE, Supt. Rice, Barton & Fales Machine Co., Worcester, Mass., says: — 
"I know their treatment of mechanical subjects to be first class." 

JOHN W. ARMOUR, Foreman Rice, Barton & Fales Machine Co., Worcester, Mass., says.— 

" Having been a student in your school for several months, I desire to express my 8;' ■ 

your method of instruction." 



